Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana Biopesticide against Blattella germanica (Blattaria: Ectobiidae)
-
Behzad Nourozi
,
Shahyad Azariamidian
,
Farzad Majidi-Shilsar
,
Mohammad Noori-Sepehr
,
Mohammad Naimi-Joubani
Abstract
Background: The German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Blattaria: Ectobiidae), is a worldwide urban pest. Due to limitations of conventional insecticides, alternative controls are needed. Entomopathogenic fungi-based biopesticides offer a promising solution. This study evaluated the pathogenicity of the indigenous Beauveria bassiana Rasht strain (Mcb18) against the German cockroach.
Methods: A laboratory colony of B. germanica was maintained under controlled conditions. The toxicity of four spore concentrations (1.5×10², 1.5×10⁴, 1.5×10⁶, 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml) of B. bassiana was evaluated against adult cockroaches using the direct immersion bioassay. Daily mortality was recorded for 21 days using three replicates of 20 cockroaches each (n=60 per concentration). The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC90) values were estimated using probit analysis.
Results: Beauveria bassiana caused dose-dependent mortality. The highest cumulative mortality (100%) was observed at 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml, while the lowest (15.79%) occurred at 1.5×10² conidia/ml. The LC50 and LC90 were estimated as 4.23×10³ conidia/ml and 1.59×10⁶ conidia/ml, respectively. The LT50 decreased with increasing concentration, reaching 8.475 days at 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml. Conidiation on cadavers increased with concentration but remained lower than mortality, indicating that death often occurred before external sporulation. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in mortality rates (F=74.942, df=(3, 8), p<0.001). Post-hoc Tukey's HSD test showed that the two highest concentrations (1.5×10⁶ and 1.5×10⁸ conidia/ml) were not significantly different from each other (p>0.05), although both caused significantly higher mortality than lower concentrations (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Experimental findings confirmed B. bassiana as an effective entomopathogen against B. germanica, causing significant mortality through cuticular penetration and internal proliferation.
1. Lee SH, Smith T, Knipple DC, Soderlund D (1999) Mutations in the house fly Vssc1 sodium channel gene associated with super-kdr resistance abolish the py-rethroid sensitivity of Vssc1/tipE sodi-um channels expressed in Xenopus oo-cytes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 29(2): 185–94.
2. Pachamuthu P, Kamble ST (2000) In vivo study on combined toxicity of Metarhi-zium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hy-pho¬mycetes) strain ESC-1 with suble¬thal doses of chlorpyrifos, propetam¬phos and cyfluthrin against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J Econ Ento-mol. 93(1): 60–70.
3. Kinfu A, Erko B (2008) Cockroaches as carriers of human intestinal parasites in two localities in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 102(11): 1143–1147.
4. Fakoorziba M, Eghbal F, Hassanzadeh J, Moemenbellah-Fard M (2010) Cockroach¬es (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in nosocomial infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104 (6): 521–528.
5. Gholizadeh S, Nouroozi B, Ladonni H (2014) Molecular detection of knockdown re¬sistance (kdr) in Blattella germanica (Blat¬todea: Blattellidae) from north¬west¬ern Iran. J Med Entomol. 51(5): 976–979.
6. Rahimian AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Zaim M (2019) A review on the in¬secticide resistance of three species of cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Iran. J Econ Entomol. 112(1): 1–10.
7. Khoobdel M, Dehghan H, Oshaghi MA, Saman EAG, Asadi A, Yusuf MA (2022) The different aspects of attractive toxic baits containing fipronil for control of the German cockroach (Blattella ger-man¬ica). Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 37 (4): e2022032-0.
8. Majidi-Shilsar F (2019) Combining effect of Enthomopathogenic fungus Beau-veria bassiana and insecticides against Chilo suppressalis in field conditions. J Ento¬mol Res. 10(4): 89–101.
9. Maciá-Vicente JG, Palma-Guerrero J, Gómez-Vidal S, Lopez-Llorca LV (2011) New insights on the mode of action of fungal pathogens of invertebrates for improv¬ing their biocontrol performance. In: Da¬vies K, Spiegel Y (Eds) Biological Con¬trol of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Build¬ing Coherence between Microbial Ecol¬ogy and Molecular Mechanisms. Spring¬er, Netherlands, Dordrecht Vol. 9. pp. 203–225.
10. Kabaluk J, Goettel M, Erlandson M, Er-icsson J, Duke G, Vernon R (2005) Me-tarhizium anisopliae as a biological con-trol for wireworms and a report of some other naturally-occurring parasites. IOBC/ wprs Bull. 28(2): 109–115.
11. Goettel M, Eilenberg J, Glare T (2005) En-tomopathogenic fungi and their role in regulation of insect populations. Insect Mol Biol. 6: 361–406.
12. Ekesi S, Maniania NK (2007) Use of en-tomopathogenic fungi in biological pest management. Research Signpost, India, Trivandrum.
13. Feng M-G, Poprawski T, Khachatourians G (1994) Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fun¬gus Beauveria bassiana for insect con¬trol: current status. Biocontrol Sci Tech¬nol. 4(1): 3–34.
14. Atiqullah S, Ashwani K (2014) Compara-tive efficacy of insecticides and Beau-veria bassiana in management of Heli-coverpa armigera (Hübner). Ann Plant Sci. 22(2): 268–271.
15. Pham TA, Kim JJ, Kim K (2010) Opti-mization of solid-state fermentation for improved conidia production of Beau-veria bassiana as a mycoinsecticide. My-cobiology. 38(2): 137–143.
16. Wraight S, Ramos M (2002) Application parameters affecting field efficacy of Beau¬veria bassiana foliar treatments against Colorado potato beetle Leptino-tarsa decemlineata. Biol Control. 23(2): 164–178.
17. Davari B, Limoee M, Khodavaisy S, Zamini G, Izadi S (2015) Toxicity of ento¬mopath¬ogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Lecani¬cillium muscarium against a field-collected strain of the German cock¬roach Blattella germanica (L.) (Dicty¬optera: Blattellidae). Trop Biomed. 32 (3): 463–470.
18. Lipa J J, Lacey LA, Kaya HK (2007) Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other inverte-brate pests. J Plant Prot Res. 48(4): 452.
19. Lee J, Woo R, Woo S (2023) Formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beau-veria bassiana JN5R1W1 for the control of mosquito adults and evaluation of its novel applicability. J Asia-Pac Entomol. 26: 102056.
20. Biryol S, Demirbag Z, Erdogan P, Demir I (2022) Development of Beauveria bas-siana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as a my¬coinsecticide to control green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphidi¬dae) and investigation of its bi-ocontrol poten¬tial. J Asia-Pac Entomol. 25: 101878.
21. Arnau S, Barrena R, Artola A (2019) Cur-rent developments in the production of fungal biological control agents by solid-state fermentation using organic solid waste. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 49 (8): 655–694.
22. Alizadeh A, Samih MA, Khezri M, Riseh RS (2007) Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. with several pes-ticides. Int J Agric Biol. 9(1): 31–34.
23. Acharya N, Seliga RA, Rajotte EG, Jenkins NE, Thomas MB (2015) Persistence and efficacy of a Beauveria bassiana bi¬opesti¬cide against the house fly, Musca domes¬tica, on typical structural sub¬strates of poultry houses. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 25(6): 697–715.
24. Sikarwar P, Vikram B (2023) Beauveria Bassiana: An Ecofriendly Entomopatho-genic Fungi for Agriculture and Envi¬ron-mental Sustainability, Industrial Appli-cations of Soil Microbes, Bentham Sci-ence Publisher. 15(2): 219–233.
25. Bell WJ, Roth LM, Nalepa CA (2007) Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior and Nat¬ural History. JHU Press, Baltimore.
26. Rust MK, Owens JM, Reierson DA (1995) Understanding and Controlling the Ger-man Cockroach. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
27. Davari B, Hassanvand AE, Salehzadeh A, Alikhani MY, Hosseini SM (2023) Bac-terial contamination of collected cock-roaches and determination their antibi-otic susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 17(1): 63–71.
28. Ezzati-Tabrizi R, Talaei-Hassanloui R, Pouri¬an H-R (2009) Effect of formulating of Beauveria bassiana conidia on their via¬bility and pathogenicity to the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thrip¬idae). J Plant Prot. 49(1): 97–104.
29. Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Xin Z (2016) Laboratory and field evaluation of Beauveria bassiana bait against two cockroach species (Dictyoptera: Blat-telli¬dae, Blattidae) in Jinan City, East China. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 26(12): 1683–1690.
30. Inglis GD, Johnson DL, Cheng KJ, Goettel MS (1997) Use of pathogen combina¬tions to overcome the constraints of tem¬perature on entomopathogenic hyphomy¬cetes against grasshoppers. Biol Control. 8(2): 143–152.
31. Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Eco Entomol. 18(2): 265–267.
32. Akçay A (2013) The calculation of LD50 using probit analysis. Wiley Online Li-brary.
33. Bliss CI (1935) The calculation of the dos-age-mortality curve. Ann Appl Biol. 22 (1): 134–167.
34. Singh P, Macquarrie CJ, Smith SM (2025) A novel bioassay to assess the non-tar¬get impacts of insecticide exposure on a larval endoparasitoid of the emerald ash borer. J Econ Entomol. 41(3): 1–13.
35. Davari B, Limoee M, Khodavaisy S, Za-mini G, Izadi S (2015) Toxicity of en¬to-mopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassi¬ana and Lecanicillium muscarium against a field-collected strain of the German cock¬roach Blattella germanica (L.)(Dictyop¬tera: Blattellidae). Trop Biomed. 32(3): 463–470.
36. Ashbrook AR, Mikaelyan A, Schal C (2022) Comparative efficacy of a fungal ento¬mopathogen with a broad host range against two human-associated pests. In-sects. 13(9): 13–19.
37. Mishra S, Kumar P, Malik A (2015) Effect of temperature and humidity on patho-genicity of native Beauveria bassiana isolate against Musca domestica L. J Par-asit Dis. 39(4): 697–704.
38. Lacey LA, Kaya HK (2007) Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology: application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other inverte-brate pests. Springer.
39. Pathak S, Kulshrestha V (1998) Experi-mental aspergillosis in the German cock-roach Blattella germanica: a histo¬patho-logical study. Mycopathologia. 143(1): 13–16.
40. Lopes R, Alves SB (2011) Differential susceptibility of adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica (L.)(Blattodea: Blat-tellidae) to infection by Metarhizium an-isopliae and assessment of delivery strat-egies. Neotrop Entomol. 40: 368–374.
41. Wakil W, Riasat T, Ashfaq M (2012) Re-sidual efficacy of thiamethoxam, Beau-veria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and diatomaceous earth formulation against Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bos¬trychidae). J Pest Sci. 85(3): 341–350.
42. Quesada-Moraga E, Maranhao E, Valverde-García P, Santiago-Álvarez C (2006) Se¬lection of Beauveria bassiana isolates for control of the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the ba¬sis of their virulence, thermal require¬ments and toxicogenic activity. Biol Con¬trol. 36(3): 274–287.
43. Er MK, Tunaz H, Işıkber A (2022) Effica-cies of entomopathogenic fungi from Me¬tarhizium, Beauveria and Isaria on Ger¬man cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blat¬taria: blattellidae). Ksu Tarim Doga Derg. 25(1): 105–112.
44. Bidochka MJ, Menzies FV, Kamp AM (2002) Genetic groups of the insect-path¬ogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are as¬sociated with habitat and thermal growth preferences. Arch Microbiol. 178(6): 531–537.
45. de Faria MR, Wraight SP (2007) Mycoin-secticides and mycoacaricides: a com-pre¬hensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of for¬mu-lation types. Biol Control. 43(3): 237–256.
46. Hussain A, Rizwan-ul-Haq M, Al-Ayedh H, Ahmed S, Al-Jabr AM (2015) Effect of Beauveria bassiana infection on the feeding performance and antioxidant de¬fence of red palm weevil, Rhynchopho¬rus ferrugineus. Bio Control. 60(6): 849–859.
47. Quesada-Moraga E., Alain V (2004) Bas-siacridin, a protein toxic for lo¬custs se-creted by the entomopathogen¬ic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Mycol Res. 108(4): 441–452.
48. Zimmermann G (2007) Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Me-tarhi¬zium anisopliae. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 17(9): 879–920.
49. Chandler D, Bailey AS, Tatchell GM, Da-vidson G, Greaves J, Grant WP (2011) The development, regulation and use of biopesticides for integrated pest man-agement Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 366(1573): 1987–1998.
2. Pachamuthu P, Kamble ST (2000) In vivo study on combined toxicity of Metarhi-zium anisopliae (Deuteromycotina: Hy-pho¬mycetes) strain ESC-1 with suble¬thal doses of chlorpyrifos, propetam¬phos and cyfluthrin against German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae). J Econ Ento-mol. 93(1): 60–70.
3. Kinfu A, Erko B (2008) Cockroaches as carriers of human intestinal parasites in two localities in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 102(11): 1143–1147.
4. Fakoorziba M, Eghbal F, Hassanzadeh J, Moemenbellah-Fard M (2010) Cockroach¬es (Periplaneta americana and Blattella germanica) as potential vectors of the pathogenic bacteria found in nosocomial infections. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 104 (6): 521–528.
5. Gholizadeh S, Nouroozi B, Ladonni H (2014) Molecular detection of knockdown re¬sistance (kdr) in Blattella germanica (Blat¬todea: Blattellidae) from north¬west¬ern Iran. J Med Entomol. 51(5): 976–979.
6. Rahimian AA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Zaim M (2019) A review on the in¬secticide resistance of three species of cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae) in Iran. J Econ Entomol. 112(1): 1–10.
7. Khoobdel M, Dehghan H, Oshaghi MA, Saman EAG, Asadi A, Yusuf MA (2022) The different aspects of attractive toxic baits containing fipronil for control of the German cockroach (Blattella ger-man¬ica). Environ Anal Health Toxicol. 37 (4): e2022032-0.
8. Majidi-Shilsar F (2019) Combining effect of Enthomopathogenic fungus Beau-veria bassiana and insecticides against Chilo suppressalis in field conditions. J Ento¬mol Res. 10(4): 89–101.
9. Maciá-Vicente JG, Palma-Guerrero J, Gómez-Vidal S, Lopez-Llorca LV (2011) New insights on the mode of action of fungal pathogens of invertebrates for improv¬ing their biocontrol performance. In: Da¬vies K, Spiegel Y (Eds) Biological Con¬trol of Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: Build¬ing Coherence between Microbial Ecol¬ogy and Molecular Mechanisms. Spring¬er, Netherlands, Dordrecht Vol. 9. pp. 203–225.
10. Kabaluk J, Goettel M, Erlandson M, Er-icsson J, Duke G, Vernon R (2005) Me-tarhizium anisopliae as a biological con-trol for wireworms and a report of some other naturally-occurring parasites. IOBC/ wprs Bull. 28(2): 109–115.
11. Goettel M, Eilenberg J, Glare T (2005) En-tomopathogenic fungi and their role in regulation of insect populations. Insect Mol Biol. 6: 361–406.
12. Ekesi S, Maniania NK (2007) Use of en-tomopathogenic fungi in biological pest management. Research Signpost, India, Trivandrum.
13. Feng M-G, Poprawski T, Khachatourians G (1994) Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fun¬gus Beauveria bassiana for insect con¬trol: current status. Biocontrol Sci Tech¬nol. 4(1): 3–34.
14. Atiqullah S, Ashwani K (2014) Compara-tive efficacy of insecticides and Beau-veria bassiana in management of Heli-coverpa armigera (Hübner). Ann Plant Sci. 22(2): 268–271.
15. Pham TA, Kim JJ, Kim K (2010) Opti-mization of solid-state fermentation for improved conidia production of Beau-veria bassiana as a mycoinsecticide. My-cobiology. 38(2): 137–143.
16. Wraight S, Ramos M (2002) Application parameters affecting field efficacy of Beau¬veria bassiana foliar treatments against Colorado potato beetle Leptino-tarsa decemlineata. Biol Control. 23(2): 164–178.
17. Davari B, Limoee M, Khodavaisy S, Zamini G, Izadi S (2015) Toxicity of ento¬mopath¬ogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Lecani¬cillium muscarium against a field-collected strain of the German cock¬roach Blattella germanica (L.) (Dicty¬optera: Blattellidae). Trop Biomed. 32 (3): 463–470.
18. Lipa J J, Lacey LA, Kaya HK (2007) Application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other inverte-brate pests. J Plant Prot Res. 48(4): 452.
19. Lee J, Woo R, Woo S (2023) Formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beau-veria bassiana JN5R1W1 for the control of mosquito adults and evaluation of its novel applicability. J Asia-Pac Entomol. 26: 102056.
20. Biryol S, Demirbag Z, Erdogan P, Demir I (2022) Development of Beauveria bas-siana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) as a my¬coinsecticide to control green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphidi¬dae) and investigation of its bi-ocontrol poten¬tial. J Asia-Pac Entomol. 25: 101878.
21. Arnau S, Barrena R, Artola A (2019) Cur-rent developments in the production of fungal biological control agents by solid-state fermentation using organic solid waste. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol. 49 (8): 655–694.
22. Alizadeh A, Samih MA, Khezri M, Riseh RS (2007) Compatibility of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. with several pes-ticides. Int J Agric Biol. 9(1): 31–34.
23. Acharya N, Seliga RA, Rajotte EG, Jenkins NE, Thomas MB (2015) Persistence and efficacy of a Beauveria bassiana bi¬opesti¬cide against the house fly, Musca domes¬tica, on typical structural sub¬strates of poultry houses. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 25(6): 697–715.
24. Sikarwar P, Vikram B (2023) Beauveria Bassiana: An Ecofriendly Entomopatho-genic Fungi for Agriculture and Envi¬ron-mental Sustainability, Industrial Appli-cations of Soil Microbes, Bentham Sci-ence Publisher. 15(2): 219–233.
25. Bell WJ, Roth LM, Nalepa CA (2007) Cockroaches: Ecology, Behavior and Nat¬ural History. JHU Press, Baltimore.
26. Rust MK, Owens JM, Reierson DA (1995) Understanding and Controlling the Ger-man Cockroach. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
27. Davari B, Hassanvand AE, Salehzadeh A, Alikhani MY, Hosseini SM (2023) Bac-terial contamination of collected cock-roaches and determination their antibi-otic susceptibility in Khorramabad City, Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 17(1): 63–71.
28. Ezzati-Tabrizi R, Talaei-Hassanloui R, Pouri¬an H-R (2009) Effect of formulating of Beauveria bassiana conidia on their via¬bility and pathogenicity to the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lind. (Thysanoptera: Thrip¬idae). J Plant Prot. 49(1): 97–104.
29. Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Xin Z (2016) Laboratory and field evaluation of Beauveria bassiana bait against two cockroach species (Dictyoptera: Blat-telli¬dae, Blattidae) in Jinan City, East China. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 26(12): 1683–1690.
30. Inglis GD, Johnson DL, Cheng KJ, Goettel MS (1997) Use of pathogen combina¬tions to overcome the constraints of tem¬perature on entomopathogenic hyphomy¬cetes against grasshoppers. Biol Control. 8(2): 143–152.
31. Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Eco Entomol. 18(2): 265–267.
32. Akçay A (2013) The calculation of LD50 using probit analysis. Wiley Online Li-brary.
33. Bliss CI (1935) The calculation of the dos-age-mortality curve. Ann Appl Biol. 22 (1): 134–167.
34. Singh P, Macquarrie CJ, Smith SM (2025) A novel bioassay to assess the non-tar¬get impacts of insecticide exposure on a larval endoparasitoid of the emerald ash borer. J Econ Entomol. 41(3): 1–13.
35. Davari B, Limoee M, Khodavaisy S, Za-mini G, Izadi S (2015) Toxicity of en¬to-mopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassi¬ana and Lecanicillium muscarium against a field-collected strain of the German cock¬roach Blattella germanica (L.)(Dictyop¬tera: Blattellidae). Trop Biomed. 32(3): 463–470.
36. Ashbrook AR, Mikaelyan A, Schal C (2022) Comparative efficacy of a fungal ento¬mopathogen with a broad host range against two human-associated pests. In-sects. 13(9): 13–19.
37. Mishra S, Kumar P, Malik A (2015) Effect of temperature and humidity on patho-genicity of native Beauveria bassiana isolate against Musca domestica L. J Par-asit Dis. 39(4): 697–704.
38. Lacey LA, Kaya HK (2007) Field manual of techniques in invertebrate pathology: application and evaluation of pathogens for control of insects and other inverte-brate pests. Springer.
39. Pathak S, Kulshrestha V (1998) Experi-mental aspergillosis in the German cock-roach Blattella germanica: a histo¬patho-logical study. Mycopathologia. 143(1): 13–16.
40. Lopes R, Alves SB (2011) Differential susceptibility of adults and nymphs of Blattella germanica (L.)(Blattodea: Blat-tellidae) to infection by Metarhizium an-isopliae and assessment of delivery strat-egies. Neotrop Entomol. 40: 368–374.
41. Wakil W, Riasat T, Ashfaq M (2012) Re-sidual efficacy of thiamethoxam, Beau-veria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and diatomaceous earth formulation against Rhyzopertha dominica F. (Coleoptera: Bos¬trychidae). J Pest Sci. 85(3): 341–350.
42. Quesada-Moraga E, Maranhao E, Valverde-García P, Santiago-Álvarez C (2006) Se¬lection of Beauveria bassiana isolates for control of the whiteflies Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum on the ba¬sis of their virulence, thermal require¬ments and toxicogenic activity. Biol Con¬trol. 36(3): 274–287.
43. Er MK, Tunaz H, Işıkber A (2022) Effica-cies of entomopathogenic fungi from Me¬tarhizium, Beauveria and Isaria on Ger¬man cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.) (Blat¬taria: blattellidae). Ksu Tarim Doga Derg. 25(1): 105–112.
44. Bidochka MJ, Menzies FV, Kamp AM (2002) Genetic groups of the insect-path¬ogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana are as¬sociated with habitat and thermal growth preferences. Arch Microbiol. 178(6): 531–537.
45. de Faria MR, Wraight SP (2007) Mycoin-secticides and mycoacaricides: a com-pre¬hensive list with worldwide coverage and international classification of for¬mu-lation types. Biol Control. 43(3): 237–256.
46. Hussain A, Rizwan-ul-Haq M, Al-Ayedh H, Ahmed S, Al-Jabr AM (2015) Effect of Beauveria bassiana infection on the feeding performance and antioxidant de¬fence of red palm weevil, Rhynchopho¬rus ferrugineus. Bio Control. 60(6): 849–859.
47. Quesada-Moraga E., Alain V (2004) Bas-siacridin, a protein toxic for lo¬custs se-creted by the entomopathogen¬ic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Mycol Res. 108(4): 441–452.
48. Zimmermann G (2007) Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Me-tarhi¬zium anisopliae. Biocontrol Sci Technol. 17(9): 879–920.
49. Chandler D, Bailey AS, Tatchell GM, Da-vidson G, Greaves J, Grant WP (2011) The development, regulation and use of biopesticides for integrated pest man-agement Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 366(1573): 1987–1998.
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How to Cite
1.
Nourozi B, Azariamidian S, Majidi-Shilsar F, Noori-Sepehr M, Naimi-Joubani M. Evaluation of the Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana Biopesticide against Blattella germanica (Blattaria: Ectobiidae). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2026;.
