Evaluating Natural Larvicides: Peppermint and Pepper Extracts versus Temephos on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi Larvae under Laboratory Conditions
-
Parisa Mahdevar
,
Seyed Hassan Moosakazemi
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Mohammad Mahdi Sedaghat
,
Kamal Azam
,
Mahnaz Khanavi
,
Tahereh Sadat Asgarian
Abstract
Background: Anopheles stephensi is an important vector for malaria, while Aedes aegypti transmits dengue, chikungunya, Zika, and yellow fever. With the increasing replacement of natural insecticides for conventional ones, it is essential to investigate mosquito resistance to these insecticides and assess the larvicidal potential of new alternatives and their comparison to standard larvicides like temephos.
Methods: The alcoholic extracts of Mentha piperita and Capsicum annuum were prepared using the maceration method. Mosquitoes were bred at the Bandar Abbas research station in 2024. Biometric tests were performed following the World Health Organization protocol, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and GraphPad Prism 10.
Results: The lethal concentration 50% (LC₅₀) of M. piperita extract was 4.047 ppm against An. stephensi larvae and 9.9 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae. Similarly, the LC50 of C. annuum extract was 5.872 ppm for An. stephensi larvae and 11.752 ppm for Ae. aegypti larvae. The larvicidal values of temephos were found to be 0.003 ppm against An. stephensi larvae and 0.002 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae.
Conclusion: Mentha piperita and C. annuum extracts possess measurable larvicidal activity against An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti. However, their effectiveness remains substantially lower than that of temephos. These findings should be considered preliminary evidence rather than an indication of operational readiness. These extracts may represent a promising starting point for future research, but further studies on formulation, environmental persistence, non-target impacts, and field performance are required before use for management programs.
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2. Weaver SC, Barrett AD (2004) Transmis-sion cycles, host range, evolution and emer¬gence of arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2(10): 789–801.
3. Liu-Helmersson J, Brännström Å, Sewe MO, Semenza JC, Rocklöv J (2019) Estimat¬ing past, present and future trends in the global distribution and abundance of the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti under cli¬mate change scenarios. Front Public Health. 7: 148.
4. Iwamura T, Guzman-Holst A, Murray KA (2020) Accelerating invasion potential of disease vector Aedes aegypti under climate change. Nat Commun. 11(1): 2130.
5. Heydari M, Metanat M, Rouzbeh-Far M-A, Tabatabaei SM, Rakhshani M, Sepehri-Rad N, Keshtkar jahromi M (2018) Den-gue fever as an emerging infection in southeast Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 98 (5): 1469–1471.
6. Ziyaeyan M, Behzadi MA, Leyva-Grado VH, Azizi K, Pouladfar G, Dorzaban H, Ziyaeyan A, Salek S, Jaber Hashemi A, Jamalidoust M (2018) Widespread cir¬cu-lation of West Nile virus, but not Zika virus in southern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(12): e0007022.
7. Center ICDC (1404) Dengue situation in Iran. Available at: https://icdc.behdasht.gov.ir/dengue/1404
8. Facchinelli L, Badolo A, McCall PJ (2023) Biology and behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the human environment: opportunities for vector control of arbovirus transmis-sion. Viruses. 15(3): 636.
9. Ahebwa A, Hii J, Neoh KB, Chareonviri-yaphap T (2023) Aedes aegypti and Ae-des albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) ecol-ogy, biology, behaviour and implications on arbovirus transmission in Thailand. One Health. 16: 100555.
10. World Health Organization (2023) World
Malaria Report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization.
11. Saied AA, Salehi M, Shafaati M (2024) Malaria elimination programme in Iran: challenges and opportunities. J Travel Med. 31(8): taae101.
12. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Azari-Hamidian S, Vatan¬doost H, Charrahy Z (2011) Spatio-tem¬poral distribution of malaria vectors (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4 (6): 498–504.
13. Ishtiaq F, Swain S, Kumar SS (2021) Anopheles stephensi (Asian malaria mos-quito). Trends Parasitol. 37(6): 571–572.
14. Takken W, Lindsay S (2019) Increased threat of urban malaria from Anopheles ste¬phen¬si mosquitoes, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 25(7): 1431–1433
15. Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu C, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamou¬ko-Djonkam L, Ambene H.P, Wondji C, Njiokou F, Nkondjio C (2021) Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dy¬namic of the vectorial system and the en¬tomological inoculation rate. Malar J. 20(1): 364.
16. Rodó X, Martinez PP, Siraj A, Pascual M (2021) Malaria trends in Ethiopian high-lands track the 2000 ‘slowdown’ in glob¬al warming. Nat Commun. 12(1): 1555.
17. Roy M, Bouma MJ, Ionides EL, Dhiman RC, Pascual M (2013) The potential elim¬ination of Plasmodium vivax malaria by relapse treatment: insights from a trans¬mission model and surveillance data from NW India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7(1): e1979.
18. Laneri K, Bhadra A, Ionides EL, Bouma M, Dhiman RC, Yadav RS, Pascual M (2010) Forcing versus feedback: epidemic ma¬laria and monsoon rains in northwest In¬dia. PLoS Comput Biol. 6(9): e1000898.
19. Gubler DJ, Reiter P, Ebi KL, Yap W, Nasci R, Patz JA (2001) Climate variability and change in the United States: potential im¬pacts on vector and rodent-borne dis¬eases. Environ Health Perspect. 109 (Suppl 2): 223–233.
20. Walker K, Lynch M (2007) Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential. Med Vet En¬tomol. 21(1): 2–21.
21. Stoytcheva M (2011) Pesticides in the mod¬ern world: effects of pesticides expo¬sure. Nordestedt: BoD-Books on Demand.
22. Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M (2016) Insecticide resistance and its mo¬lecular basis in urban insect pests. Par¬asitol Res. 115(4): 1363–1373.
23. Bakhsh A, Khabbazi SD, Baloch FS, De-mirel U, Çalışkan ME, Hatipoğlu R, Özcan S, Özcan H (2015) Insect-resistant trans¬genic crops: retrospect and challenges. Turk J Agric For. 39(4): 531–548.
24. Li Y, Liu Y, Ma A, Bao Y, Wang M, Sun Z (2017) In vitro antiviral, anti-inflamma-tory and antioxidant activities of the eth¬anol extract of Mentha piperita L. Food Sci Biotechnol. 26(6): 1675–1683.
25. Benabdallah A, Rahmoune C, Boumendjel M, Aissi O, Messaoud C (2016) Total phe¬nolic content and antioxidant activity of six wild Mentha species (Lamiaceae) from northeast of Algeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(9): 760–766.
26. Zaidi S, Dahiya P (2015) In vitro antimi-crobial activity, phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of essential oil from Mentha spicata and Mentha piperi¬ta. Int Food Res J. 22(6): 2440–2445.
27. Wu Z, Tan B, Liu Y, Dunn J, Martorell Guerola P, Tortajada M, Cao Z, Ji P (2019) Chemical composition and anti-oxidant properties of essential oils from peppermint, native spearmint and scotch spearmint. Molecules. 24(15): 2825.
28. Sun Z, Wang H, Wang J, Zhou L, Yang P (2014) Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of essential oil from leaves of Mentha piperita grown in China. PLoS One. 9(12): e114767.
29. Ahmad A, Khan A, Samber N, Manzoor N (2014) Antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita essential oil in combination with silver ions. Synergy. 1(2): 92–98.
30. Soković MD, Vukojević J, Marin PD, Brkić DD, Vajs V, Van Griensven LJ (2009) Chemical composition of essential oils of Thymus and Mentha species and their antifungal activities. Molecules. 14(1): 238–249.
31. Kalemba D, Synowiec A (2019) Agrobi-ological interactions of essential oils of two menthol mints: Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. Molecules. 25(1): 59.
32. Duranova H, Valkova V, Gabriny L (2022) Chili peppers (Capsicum spp.): the spice not only for cuisine purposes: an update on current knowledge. Phytochem Rev. 21(4): 1379–1413.
33. Martínez-Mercado JP, Sierra-Santoyo A, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Rojas-García AE, Quintanilla-Vega B (2022) Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residen¬tial use: a review of its toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 52(2): 113–124.
34. World Health Organization (2005) Guide-lines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Geneva: World Health Organization.
35. Rodríguez-Ruiz AC, Mufari JR, Albrecht C, Scilipoti JA, Velez A (2022) Hydroalco¬holic extraction of bioactive compounds from expeller soybean meal under sub¬crit¬ical conditions. J Supercrit Fluids. 184: 105558.
36. WHO Monitoring (2016) Managing insec-ticide resistance in Aedes mosquito pop-ulations: interim guidance for entomolo-gists. Geneva: World Health Organiza-tion.
37. World Health Organization (2005) Guide-lines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Geneva: World Health Organization.
38. Finney DJ (1952) Probit analysis: a sta¬tis-tical treatment of the sigmoid re¬sponse curve. Cambridge: Cambridge Universi-ty Press.
39. Abbott WS (1925) A method of compu-ting the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18(2): 265–267.
40. Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd A (2005) Current resistant status of Anopheles stephensi Lis¬ton to different larvicides in Hor¬mozgan. Pak J Biol Sci. 8(11): 1568–1570.
41. Abai MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H (2016) Laboratory evaluation of temeph-os against Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens larvae in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(4): 510.
42. Baruah K (2004) Laboratory bio-assay of temephos and fenthion against some vec¬tor species of public health importance. J Commun Dis. 36(2): 100–104.
43. Singh R, Mittal P, Kumar G, Dhiman R (2014) Insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi larvae against temephos in Delhi, India. Int J Mosq Res. 1(3): 69–73.
44. Biber PA, Dueñas JR, Almeida FL, Gar-denal CN, Almirón WR (2006) Labora-tory evaluation of susceptibility of natu-ral subpopulations of Aedes aegypti lar-vae to temephos. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 22(3): 408–411.
45. Polson KA, Curtis C, Chang M, Olson JG, Chantha N, Rawlins SC (2001) Sus¬cep-tibility of two Cambodian population of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae to temeph¬os during 2001. Dengue Bull. 25: 79–83.
46. Arslan A, Mukhtar MU, Mushtaq S, Zakki AB, Hammad M, Bhatti A (2015) Com-parison of susceptibility status of labora-tory and field populations of Aedes ae-gypti against temephos in Rawalpindi. J Entomol Zool Stud. 3: 374–378.
47. Asgarian TS, Enayati A, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zaim M, Jaberhashemi SA, Saeidi Z, Oshaghi MA, Sedaghat MM (2024) Or¬ganophosphate and pyrethroid resistance status of invasive Aedes aegypti (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) from Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 18(4): 296.
48. Kumar S, Wahab N, Warikoo R (2011) Bi-oefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes ae-gypti L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 1(2): 85–88.
49. Aljameeli M (2023) Larvicidal effects of some essential oils against Aedes ae¬gypti (L.), the vector of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci. 30(2): 103552.
50. Onah GT, Ajaegbu EE, Ezeagha CC, Chig¬ozie VU, Bello AM, Ezeagwu P, Nwig¬wo J (2022) Larvicidal and synergistic potentials of some plant extracts against Aedes aegypti. J Entomol Zool Stud. 10: 177–180.
51. Madhumathy A, Aivazi A, Vijayan V (2007) Larvicidal efficacy of Capsicum annum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quin¬quefasciatus. J Vector Borne Dis. 44 (3): 223.
52. Firooziyan S, Osanloo M, Basseri HR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Hajipirloo HM, Ama¬ni A, Sedaghat MM (2022) Nanoemul¬sion of Myrtus communis es-sential oil and eval¬uation of its larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi. Arab J Chem. 15 (9): 104064.
2. Weaver SC, Barrett AD (2004) Transmis-sion cycles, host range, evolution and emer¬gence of arboviral disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2(10): 789–801.
3. Liu-Helmersson J, Brännström Å, Sewe MO, Semenza JC, Rocklöv J (2019) Estimat¬ing past, present and future trends in the global distribution and abundance of the arbovirus vector Aedes aegypti under cli¬mate change scenarios. Front Public Health. 7: 148.
4. Iwamura T, Guzman-Holst A, Murray KA (2020) Accelerating invasion potential of disease vector Aedes aegypti under climate change. Nat Commun. 11(1): 2130.
5. Heydari M, Metanat M, Rouzbeh-Far M-A, Tabatabaei SM, Rakhshani M, Sepehri-Rad N, Keshtkar jahromi M (2018) Den-gue fever as an emerging infection in southeast Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 98 (5): 1469–1471.
6. Ziyaeyan M, Behzadi MA, Leyva-Grado VH, Azizi K, Pouladfar G, Dorzaban H, Ziyaeyan A, Salek S, Jaber Hashemi A, Jamalidoust M (2018) Widespread cir¬cu-lation of West Nile virus, but not Zika virus in southern Iran. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 12(12): e0007022.
7. Center ICDC (1404) Dengue situation in Iran. Available at: https://icdc.behdasht.gov.ir/dengue/1404
8. Facchinelli L, Badolo A, McCall PJ (2023) Biology and behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the human environment: opportunities for vector control of arbovirus transmis-sion. Viruses. 15(3): 636.
9. Ahebwa A, Hii J, Neoh KB, Chareonviri-yaphap T (2023) Aedes aegypti and Ae-des albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) ecol-ogy, biology, behaviour and implications on arbovirus transmission in Thailand. One Health. 16: 100555.
10. World Health Organization (2023) World
Malaria Report 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization.
11. Saied AA, Salehi M, Shafaati M (2024) Malaria elimination programme in Iran: challenges and opportunities. J Travel Med. 31(8): taae101.
12. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Azari-Hamidian S, Vatan¬doost H, Charrahy Z (2011) Spatio-tem¬poral distribution of malaria vectors (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 4 (6): 498–504.
13. Ishtiaq F, Swain S, Kumar SS (2021) Anopheles stephensi (Asian malaria mos-quito). Trends Parasitol. 37(6): 571–572.
14. Takken W, Lindsay S (2019) Increased threat of urban malaria from Anopheles ste¬phen¬si mosquitoes, Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 25(7): 1431–1433
15. Doumbe-Belisse P, Kopya E, Ngadjeu C, Sonhafouo-Chiana N, Talipouo A, Djamou¬ko-Djonkam L, Ambene H.P, Wondji C, Njiokou F, Nkondjio C (2021) Urban malaria in sub-Saharan Africa: dy¬namic of the vectorial system and the en¬tomological inoculation rate. Malar J. 20(1): 364.
16. Rodó X, Martinez PP, Siraj A, Pascual M (2021) Malaria trends in Ethiopian high-lands track the 2000 ‘slowdown’ in glob¬al warming. Nat Commun. 12(1): 1555.
17. Roy M, Bouma MJ, Ionides EL, Dhiman RC, Pascual M (2013) The potential elim¬ination of Plasmodium vivax malaria by relapse treatment: insights from a trans¬mission model and surveillance data from NW India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 7(1): e1979.
18. Laneri K, Bhadra A, Ionides EL, Bouma M, Dhiman RC, Yadav RS, Pascual M (2010) Forcing versus feedback: epidemic ma¬laria and monsoon rains in northwest In¬dia. PLoS Comput Biol. 6(9): e1000898.
19. Gubler DJ, Reiter P, Ebi KL, Yap W, Nasci R, Patz JA (2001) Climate variability and change in the United States: potential im¬pacts on vector and rodent-borne dis¬eases. Environ Health Perspect. 109 (Suppl 2): 223–233.
20. Walker K, Lynch M (2007) Contributions of Anopheles larval control to malaria suppression in tropical Africa: review of achievements and potential. Med Vet En¬tomol. 21(1): 2–21.
21. Stoytcheva M (2011) Pesticides in the mod¬ern world: effects of pesticides expo¬sure. Nordestedt: BoD-Books on Demand.
22. Naqqash MN, Gökçe A, Bakhsh A, Salim M (2016) Insecticide resistance and its mo¬lecular basis in urban insect pests. Par¬asitol Res. 115(4): 1363–1373.
23. Bakhsh A, Khabbazi SD, Baloch FS, De-mirel U, Çalışkan ME, Hatipoğlu R, Özcan S, Özcan H (2015) Insect-resistant trans¬genic crops: retrospect and challenges. Turk J Agric For. 39(4): 531–548.
24. Li Y, Liu Y, Ma A, Bao Y, Wang M, Sun Z (2017) In vitro antiviral, anti-inflamma-tory and antioxidant activities of the eth¬anol extract of Mentha piperita L. Food Sci Biotechnol. 26(6): 1675–1683.
25. Benabdallah A, Rahmoune C, Boumendjel M, Aissi O, Messaoud C (2016) Total phe¬nolic content and antioxidant activity of six wild Mentha species (Lamiaceae) from northeast of Algeria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 6(9): 760–766.
26. Zaidi S, Dahiya P (2015) In vitro antimi-crobial activity, phytochemical analysis and total phenolic content of essential oil from Mentha spicata and Mentha piperi¬ta. Int Food Res J. 22(6): 2440–2445.
27. Wu Z, Tan B, Liu Y, Dunn J, Martorell Guerola P, Tortajada M, Cao Z, Ji P (2019) Chemical composition and anti-oxidant properties of essential oils from peppermint, native spearmint and scotch spearmint. Molecules. 24(15): 2825.
28. Sun Z, Wang H, Wang J, Zhou L, Yang P (2014) Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of essential oil from leaves of Mentha piperita grown in China. PLoS One. 9(12): e114767.
29. Ahmad A, Khan A, Samber N, Manzoor N (2014) Antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita essential oil in combination with silver ions. Synergy. 1(2): 92–98.
30. Soković MD, Vukojević J, Marin PD, Brkić DD, Vajs V, Van Griensven LJ (2009) Chemical composition of essential oils of Thymus and Mentha species and their antifungal activities. Molecules. 14(1): 238–249.
31. Kalemba D, Synowiec A (2019) Agrobi-ological interactions of essential oils of two menthol mints: Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. Molecules. 25(1): 59.
32. Duranova H, Valkova V, Gabriny L (2022) Chili peppers (Capsicum spp.): the spice not only for cuisine purposes: an update on current knowledge. Phytochem Rev. 21(4): 1379–1413.
33. Martínez-Mercado JP, Sierra-Santoyo A, Verdín-Betancourt FA, Rojas-García AE, Quintanilla-Vega B (2022) Temephos, an organophosphate larvicide for residen¬tial use: a review of its toxicity. Crit Rev Toxicol. 52(2): 113–124.
34. World Health Organization (2005) Guide-lines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Geneva: World Health Organization.
35. Rodríguez-Ruiz AC, Mufari JR, Albrecht C, Scilipoti JA, Velez A (2022) Hydroalco¬holic extraction of bioactive compounds from expeller soybean meal under sub¬crit¬ical conditions. J Supercrit Fluids. 184: 105558.
36. WHO Monitoring (2016) Managing insec-ticide resistance in Aedes mosquito pop-ulations: interim guidance for entomolo-gists. Geneva: World Health Organiza-tion.
37. World Health Organization (2005) Guide-lines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Geneva: World Health Organization.
38. Finney DJ (1952) Probit analysis: a sta¬tis-tical treatment of the sigmoid re¬sponse curve. Cambridge: Cambridge Universi-ty Press.
39. Abbott WS (1925) A method of compu-ting the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18(2): 265–267.
40. Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd A (2005) Current resistant status of Anopheles stephensi Lis¬ton to different larvicides in Hor¬mozgan. Pak J Biol Sci. 8(11): 1568–1570.
41. Abai MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H (2016) Laboratory evaluation of temeph-os against Anopheles stephensi and Culex pipiens larvae in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10(4): 510.
42. Baruah K (2004) Laboratory bio-assay of temephos and fenthion against some vec¬tor species of public health importance. J Commun Dis. 36(2): 100–104.
43. Singh R, Mittal P, Kumar G, Dhiman R (2014) Insecticide susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi larvae against temephos in Delhi, India. Int J Mosq Res. 1(3): 69–73.
44. Biber PA, Dueñas JR, Almeida FL, Gar-denal CN, Almirón WR (2006) Labora-tory evaluation of susceptibility of natu-ral subpopulations of Aedes aegypti lar-vae to temephos. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 22(3): 408–411.
45. Polson KA, Curtis C, Chang M, Olson JG, Chantha N, Rawlins SC (2001) Sus¬cep-tibility of two Cambodian population of Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae to temeph¬os during 2001. Dengue Bull. 25: 79–83.
46. Arslan A, Mukhtar MU, Mushtaq S, Zakki AB, Hammad M, Bhatti A (2015) Com-parison of susceptibility status of labora-tory and field populations of Aedes ae-gypti against temephos in Rawalpindi. J Entomol Zool Stud. 3: 374–378.
47. Asgarian TS, Enayati A, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zaim M, Jaberhashemi SA, Saeidi Z, Oshaghi MA, Sedaghat MM (2024) Or¬ganophosphate and pyrethroid resistance status of invasive Aedes aegypti (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) from Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 18(4): 296.
48. Kumar S, Wahab N, Warikoo R (2011) Bi-oefficacy of Mentha piperita essential oil against dengue fever mosquito Aedes ae-gypti L. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 1(2): 85–88.
49. Aljameeli M (2023) Larvicidal effects of some essential oils against Aedes ae¬gypti (L.), the vector of dengue fever in Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci. 30(2): 103552.
50. Onah GT, Ajaegbu EE, Ezeagha CC, Chig¬ozie VU, Bello AM, Ezeagwu P, Nwig¬wo J (2022) Larvicidal and synergistic potentials of some plant extracts against Aedes aegypti. J Entomol Zool Stud. 10: 177–180.
51. Madhumathy A, Aivazi A, Vijayan V (2007) Larvicidal efficacy of Capsicum annum against Anopheles stephensi and Culex quin¬quefasciatus. J Vector Borne Dis. 44 (3): 223.
52. Firooziyan S, Osanloo M, Basseri HR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Hajipirloo HM, Ama¬ni A, Sedaghat MM (2022) Nanoemul¬sion of Myrtus communis es-sential oil and eval¬uation of its larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi. Arab J Chem. 15 (9): 104064.
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How to Cite
1.
Mahdevar P, Moosakazemi SH, Vatandoost H, Sedaghat MM, Azam K, Khanavi M, Asgarian TS. Evaluating Natural Larvicides: Peppermint and Pepper Extracts versus Temephos on Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi Larvae under Laboratory Conditions. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2026;.
