Prevalence and Susceptibility Status of Body Louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) (Anoplura: Pediculidae) to Deltamethrin in Urmia City, Iran (2024)
-
Samira Firooziyan
,
Ahmadali Enayati
,
Ehsan Rikhtegar
,
Tahereh Sadat Asgarian
,
Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
Abstract
Background: The body louse spreads diseases such as epidemic typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever and has shown resistance to various insecticides. While deltamethrin is used to treat infestations in some countries, research on its effectiveness against body lice is limited. This study assessed the susceptibility of body lice to deltamethrin using a bioassay.
Methods: Body lice specimens were collected from an addiction treatment camp in Urmia City, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. They were treated in 5 cm Petri dishes lined with 1 ml of various concentrations of deltamethrin (0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32, 0.64, 1.28, and 2.56 ppm) in acetone. Thirty lice were tested per concentration, with mortality recorded after 24 hours. Lethal concentrations of 50% and 90% (LC50 and LC90) were calculated using Minitab and compared with SPSS. The regression line was plotted in Excel 2013.
Results: A positive correlation was observed between the concentrations of deltamethrin and probit mortality in the regression analysis. The calculated LC50 and LC90 values for deltamethrin against body lice were 0.11 ppm and 2.15 ppm, respectively.
Conclusions: These findings suggest that the body lice population was susceptible to deltamethrin, suggesting its potential as an alternative treatment, pending further clinical studies.
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9. Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, Izri A, Hofmann R, Mann SG, Hoares M, Bon-netblanc JM (2010) Oral ivermec¬tin ver-sus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice. N Engl J Med. 362(10): 896–905.
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27. Yoon KS, Previte DJ, Hodgdon HE, Poole BC, Ho Kwon D, Abo El-Ghar GE, Lee SH, Clark JM (2014) Knockdown re¬sistance allele frequencies in North Amer¬ican head louse (Anoplura: Pe¬diculidae) populations. J Med Entomol. 51(2): 450–457.
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41. Downs A, Stafford K, Harvey I, Coles G (1999) Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion in head lice. Br J Dermatol. 141(3): 508–511.
42. Yoon KS, Gao JR, Lee SH, Clark JM, Brown L, Taplin D (2003) Permethrin-re¬sistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment. Arch Der-matol. 139 (8): 994–1000.
43. Firooziyan S, Sadaghianifar A, Taghilou B, Galavani H, Ghaffari E, Gholizadeh S (2017) Identification of novel voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in hu-man head and body lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculi¬dae). J Med Entomol. 54(5): 1337–1343.
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2. Raoult D, Roux V (1999) The body louse as a vector of reemerging human diseas-es. Clin Infect Dis. 29(4): 888–911.
3. Williams LK, Reichert A, MacKenzie WR, Hightower AW, Blake PA (2001) Lice, nits and school policy. Pediatrics. 107(5): 1011–1015.
4. Brouqui P (2011) Arthropod-borne diseas¬es associated with political and social dis-order. Annu Rev Entomol. 56: 357–374.
5. Bonilla DL, Durden LA, Eremeeva ME, Dasch GA (2013) The biology and tax-onomy of head and body lice-implica-tions for louse-borne disease prevention. PLoS Pathog. 9(11): e1003724.
6. Light JE, Allen JM, Long LM, Carter TE, Barrow L, Suren G, Raoult D, Reed DL (2008) Geographic distributions and or-igins of human head lice (Pediculus hu-manus capitis) based on mitochondrial da¬ta. J Parasitol. 94(6): 1275–1281.
7. Li W, Ortiz G, Fournier PE, Gimenez G, Reed DL, Pittendrigh B, Raoult D (2010) Genotyping of human lice sug-gests mul¬tiple emergences of body lice from local head louse populations. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4(3): e641.
8. Chosidow O (2000) Scabies and pediculo-sis. Lancet. 355(9206):819–826.
9. Chosidow O, Giraudeau B, Cottrell J, Izri A, Hofmann R, Mann SG, Hoares M, Bon-netblanc JM (2010) Oral ivermec¬tin ver-sus malathion lotion for difficult-to-treat head lice. N Engl J Med. 362(10): 896–905.
10. Veracx A, Raoult D (2012) Biology and genetics of human head and body lice. Trends Parasitol. 28(12): 563–571.
11. Badiaga S, Brouqui P (2012) Human louse-transmitted infectious diseases. Clin Mi¬crobiol Infect. 18(4): 332–337.
12. Bechah Y, Capo C, Mege JL, Raoult D (2008) Epidemic typhus. Lancet Infect Dis. 8(7): 417–426.
13. Boutellis A, Abi-Rached L, Raoult D (2014) The origin and distribution of human lice in the world. Infect Genet Evol. 23: 209–217.
14. Amanzougaghene N, Fenollar F, Raoult D, Mediannikov O (2020) Where are we with human lice? A review of the cur-rent state of knowledge. Front Cell In-fect Micro¬biol. 9: 474.
15. Weyer F (1952) The behavior of Rickett¬sia akari in the body louse after artificial infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1(5): 809–820.
16. Houhamdi L, Fournier PE, Fang R, Ra¬oult D (2003) An experimental model of hu-man body louse infection with Rick¬ettsia typhi. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 990(1): 617–627.
17. Raoult D, Dutour O, Houhamdi L, Jankaus¬kas R, Fournier PE, Ardagna Y, Dran¬court M, Signoli M, La VD, Macia Y, Abou¬dharam G (2006) Evidence for louse-trans¬mitted diseases in soldiers of Napoleon’s Grand Army in Vilnius. J Infect Dis. 193 (1): 112–120.
18. Li JX, Fu RS, Liu WT (1984) An attempt to infect human body lice, Pediculus hu-manus var corporis, on a mild case of murine typhus. Chin Med J (Engl). 97(3): 158–164.
19. Kalra SL, Rao KNA (1951) Typhus fevers in Kashmir State. Part II. Murine typhus. Indian J Med Res. 39(3): 297–302.
20. Kalra SL, Rao KNA (1951) Observations on the epidemiology of relapsing fever in Kash¬mir. Indian J Med Res. 39(3): 313–321.
21. Kelly DJ, Richards AL, Temenak J, Strick¬man D, Dasch GA (2002) The past and pre¬sent threat of rickettsial diseases to mil¬itary medicine and international pub¬lic health. Clin Infect Dis. 34(Suppl–4): S145–169.
22. Djebbi T, Ascrizzi R, Bedini S, Farina P, Sanmartin C, Jemaa JM, Bozzini MF, Flamini G, Conti B (2024) Physico¬chem-ical and repellent properties of chi¬tosan films loaded with essential oils for pro-duc¬ing an active packaging effective against the food pest Sitophilus oryzae. J Stored Prod Res. 106: 102297.
23. Durand R, Bouvresse S, Berdjane Z, Izri A, Chosidow O, Clark J (2012) Insecti-cide resistance in head lice: clinical, parasito¬logical and genetic aspects. Clin Micro¬biol Infect. 18(4): 338–344.
24. Bouvresse S, Berdjane Z, Durand R, Bouscaillou J, Izri A, Chosidow O (2012) Permethrin and malathion re-sistance in head lice: results of ex vivo and molecu¬lar assays. J Am Acad Der-matol. 67(6): 1143–1150.
25. Clark PH, Cole M (1964) Laboratory stud-ies on resistance of the body louse to in-secticides. J Econ Entomol. 57(2): 205–210.
26. Kwon DH, Kim JH, Kim YH, Yoon KS, Clark JM, Lee SH (2014) Identification and characterization of an esterase in-volved in malathion resistance in the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 112: 13–18.
27. Yoon KS, Previte DJ, Hodgdon HE, Poole BC, Ho Kwon D, Abo El-Ghar GE, Lee SH, Clark JM (2014) Knockdown re¬sistance allele frequencies in North Amer¬ican head louse (Anoplura: Pe¬diculidae) populations. J Med Entomol. 51(2): 450–457.
28. Aditya S, Rattan A (2012) Spinosad: An effective and safe pediculicide. Indian Der¬matol Online J. 3(3): 213–214.
29. Diatta G, Abat C, Sokhna C, Tissot-Dupont H, Rolain JM, Raoult D (2016) Head lice probably resistant to ivermec-tin recov¬ered from two rural girls in Dielmo, a village in Sine-Saloum, Sene-gal. Int J Antimi¬crob Agents. 47(6): 501–502.
30. Bultas MW, Smith S (2022) Staying ahead of head lice: Pediculosis treatment up-dates. NASN Sch Nurse. 37(6): 339–344.
31. Meinking TL, Villar ME, Vicaria M, Eyerdam DH, Paquet D, Mertz‐Rivera K, Rivera HF, Hiriart J, Reyna S (2010) The clinical trials supporting benzyl al-cohol lotion 5% (Ulesfia™): a safe and effec¬tive topical treatment for head lice (Pedic¬ulosis humanus capitis). Pediatr Derma¬tol. 27(1): 19–24.
32. Candy K, Amanzougaghene N, Izri A, Brun S, Durand R, Louni M, Mboup A, Me¬di¬annikov O, Drali R, Raoult D (2018) Mo¬lecular survey of head and body lice, Pe¬diculus humanus, in France. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 18(5): 243–251.
33. Cole M, Couch M, Burden G, Gilbert I (1957) Further studies on resistance of human body lice to insecticides. J Econ Entomol. 50(5): 1035–1039.
34. Eddy GW, Cole M, Couch MD, Selhime A (1955) Resistance of human body lice to insecticides. Public Health Rep. 70(10): 1035–1038.
35. Clark JM, Yoon K, Lee S, Pittendrigh B (2013) Human lice: Past, present and fu-ture control. Pestic Biochem Physiol. 106 (3): 162–171.
36. Miller RN, Wisseman Jr CL, Sweeney GW, Verschueren A, Fabrikant IB (1972) First report of resistance of hu-man body lice to malathion. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 66(2): 372–375.
37. Sholdt L, Seibert D, Hollo Way M, Cole M, Weidhaas D (1976) Resistance of hu-man body lice to malathion in Ethio¬pia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 70(5–6): 532–533.
38. Hoskins W, Gordon H (1956) Arthropod re¬sistance to chemicals. Annu Rev En-tomol. 1(1): 89–122.
39. Perry AS, Miller S, Buckner AJ (1963) In-sect metabolism of insecticides, the en-zymatic in vitro degradation of DDT by susceptible and DDT-Resistant body lice. J Agric Food Chem. 11(6): 457–462.
40. Ghorbani E, Moradi-Asl E, Yusuf MA (2024) Body lice: a vector for re-emerg-ing disease outbreak in a rehabili¬tation camp in Northwestern Iran. BMC Res Notes. 17: 55.
41. Downs A, Stafford K, Harvey I, Coles G (1999) Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion in head lice. Br J Dermatol. 141(3): 508–511.
42. Yoon KS, Gao JR, Lee SH, Clark JM, Brown L, Taplin D (2003) Permethrin-re¬sistant human head lice, Pediculus capitis, and their treatment. Arch Der-matol. 139 (8): 994–1000.
43. Firooziyan S, Sadaghianifar A, Taghilou B, Galavani H, Ghaffari E, Gholizadeh S (2017) Identification of novel voltage-gated sodium channel mutations in hu-man head and body lice (Phthiraptera: Pediculi¬dae). J Med Entomol. 54(5): 1337–1343.
44. Chosidow O, Brue C, Chastang C, Bouvet E, Izri M, Rousset J, Revuz J (1994) Con¬trolled study of malathion and d-phe¬nothrin lotions for Pediculus hu-manus var capitis-infested schoolchil-dren. Lancet. 344(8939–8940): 1724–1727.
45. Hipolito RB, Mallorca FG, Zuniga-Mac-araig ZO, Apolinario PC, Wheeler-Sherman J (2001) Head lice infestation: single drug versus combination therapy with one per¬cent permethrin and trime-thoprim/ sul¬fa¬methoxazole. Pediatrics. 107(3): e30.
46. Burgess IF, Brown CM, Peock S, Kauf-man J (1995) Head lice resistant to pyre-throid insecticides in Britain. BMJ. 311(7007): 752.
47. Hill N, Moor G, Cameron M, Butlin A, Pres¬ton S, Williamson M, Bass C (2005) Sin¬gle blind, randomised, comparative study of the Bug Buster kit and over the coun¬ter pediculicide treatments against head lice in the United Kingdom. BMJ. 331 (7513): 384–387.
48. Rupes V, Moravec J, Chmela J, Ledvinka J, Zelenkova J (1995) A resistance of head lice (Pediculus capitis) to perme-thrin in Czech Republic. Cent Eur J Public Health. 3(1): 30–32.
49. Kristensen M, Knorr M, Rasmussen AM, Jespersen JB (2006) Survey of perme-thrin and malathion resistance in human head lice populations from Denmark. J Med En¬tomol. 43(3): 533–538.
50. Meinking TL, Entzel P, Villar ME, Vicar¬ia M, Lemard GA, Porcelain SL (2001) Comparative efficacy of treatments for Pe¬diculosis capitis infestations: update 2000. Arch Dermatol. 137(3): 287–292.
51. Picollo M, Vassena C, Casadio A, Massi-mo J, Zerba E (1998) Laboratory studies of susceptibility and resistance to insec-ticides in Pediculus capitis (Anoplura; Pe¬diculidae). J Med Entomol. 35(5): 814–817.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 19 No 2 (2025) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Bioassay; Pediculus humanus; Insecticide resistance; Pyrethroid; Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Firooziyan S, Enayati A, Rikhtegar E, Asgarian TS, Sedaghat MM. Prevalence and Susceptibility Status of Body Louse (Pediculus humanus humanus) (Anoplura: Pediculidae) to Deltamethrin in Urmia City, Iran (2024). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;19(2):173-182.
