Larval Habitat Characteristics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Andimeshk County of Khuzistan Province, Southwestern Iran )2019–2020)
Abstract
Background: Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), with their blood-sucking behavior, are known important vectors of certain pathogens. Since no research has been done on the habitat characteristics of mosquito larvae in Andimeshk County of Khuzistan Province, southwestern Iran, this study aimed to determine these features in the county during 2019–2020.
Methods: The third- and fourth-instar larvae were collected from natural and artificial habitats by the dipping method, from nine localities. Physical characteristics of larval habitats, including habitat situation (permanent/temporary, running/stagnant), sunlight situation, vegetation status, water turbidity, substrate type and habitat type (natural/artificial), were recorded. The collected specimens were kept in vials containing lactophenol and the microscope slides were prepared using Berlese’s fluid. The larvae were identified using valid identification keys.
Results: In total, 1363 larvae, including four genera and 15 species, were identified. Eleven species were new to the county and one species, Cx. bitaeniorhynchus, was new to the province. The most common species were Culex theileri (17.2%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (15.6 %), respectively, and the least species were Anopheles dthali (0.7%) and An. multicolor (0.4%). The most abundant mosquito larvae were in spring (44.2 %) and June (22.6%). Most of the larvae were caught from natural (75.6%), temporary (51.5%), without vegetation (57.5%) and full sunny (64.7%) habitats. Approximately, 85.2%, 56.5% and 78.1% of habitats had clear water, stagnant water with mud substrate, respectively. The affinity index of the species was calculated.
Conclusion: Regarding the medical importance of the abundant species, the investigation of adult ecology is suggested for future studies.
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5. Azari-Hamidian S (2023) The invasive Ae-des mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and their medical and veterinary importance: a mini review. Caspian J Health Res. 8 (4): 241–246.
6. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2025) Up-dated checklist of the mosquitoes (Dip-tera: Culicidae) known to occur in Iran, with updated keys to the genera, subgen¬era and species of Aedes. Zootaxa. 5636 (1): 102–120.
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8. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2023) Ar-thropod-borne and arthropod-related vi-ruses in Iran and neighboring countries. Parazitol. 57(5): 356–440.
9. Zaim M, Subbarao SK, Manouchehri AV, Cochrane AH (1993) Role of Anopheles culicifacies s.l. and An. pulcherrimus in malaria transmission in Ghassreghand (Ba¬luchistan), Iran. J Am Mosq Control As¬soc. 9: 23–26.
10. Eshghy N (1977) Anopheles multicolor Cam¬bouliu and its role in the transmis-sion of malaria in Iran. J Ent Soc Iran. 4: 87–88 (Persian with English abstract).
11. Dinparast Djadid N, Jazayeri H, Gholiza-deh S, Pashaei Rad Sh, Zakeri S (2009) First record of a new member of Anoph-eles Hyrcanus Group from Iran: molecu-lar identification, diagnosis, phylogeny, status of kdr resistance and Plasmodium infection. J Med Entomol. 46: 1084–1093.
12. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Motazakker M, Vatan-doost H, Dabiri F, Chavshin AR (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito spe-cies in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological nich¬es of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Trop. 220: 105952.
13. Bagheri M, Terenius O, Oshaghi MA, Mota¬zakker M, Asgari S, Dabiri F, Vatan¬doost H, Mohammadi Bavanim M, Chavshin AR (2015) West Nile virus in mosqui¬toes of Iranian wetlands. Vec-tor-Borne Zoon¬otic Dis. 15: 750–754.
14. Shahhosseini N, Chinikar S, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat MM, Kayedi MH, Lühken R, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2017) West Nile Virus lineage-2 in Culex spec¬imens from Iran. Trop Med Inter Health. 22: 1343–1349.
15. Shahhosseini N, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sed¬a-ghat MM, Wong G, Chinikar S, Hajivand Z, Mokhayeri H, Nowotny N, Kayedi MH (2020) Autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus by a new vector in Iran, vector-host interac¬tion modeling and vir¬ulence gene de-terminants. Vi¬ruses. 12(12): 1449.
16. Khaledian M, Owliaee I, Sazmand A, Da-vari B, Zahirnia AH, Azizi Jalilian F (2024) West Nile virus in adults and lar-vae of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex hortensis (Diptera: Culicidae) captured in Hamedan, western Iran. Acta Trop. 260: 107434.
17. Bakhshi H, Mousson L, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Piorkowski G, Zakeri S, Raz A, de Lamballerie X, Dinparast-Djadid N, Failloux AB (2020) Detection of ar-boviruses in mosquitoes: evidence of cir-culation of chikungunya virus in Iran. PLOS Neg Trop Dis. 14: 6.
18. Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Harbach RE (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of diro¬filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet En¬tomol. 23(2): 111–121.
19. Zaim M (1987) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culic-inae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(4): 568–573.
20. Ghanbari MR, Rakhsh Khorshid A, Salehi M, Hassanzehi A (2005) The study of phys¬ical and chemical factors affecting breed¬ing places of Anopheles in Iranshahr. Tabib-e-Shargh, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci. 7: 221–227 (Persian with English abstract).
21. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Seda-ghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiversity of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in a malarious area of southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49: 91–100.
22. Kassiri H, Amani H (2012) Bionomics and breeding places of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mahroo and Sepid-Dasht Districts, Luri¬stan Province, west¬ern Iran. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 14(8): e93261.
23. Amani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Kassiri H
(2013) Fauna, abundance, distribution and seasonal activity of Anopheles mos-qui¬toes (Diptera: Culicidae) in larval habi¬tats, Aligoudarz County, western Iran. Hor¬mozgan Med J. 17(2): 133–143 (Per¬sian with English abstract).
24. Amani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Kassiri H (2014) The ecology and larval habi¬tats characteristics of anopheline mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Aligoudarz Coun¬ty (Luristan Province, western Iran). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(Suppl 1): S233–S241.
25. Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Zare M (2014) Characterization of larval hab-itats for anopheline mosquitoes in a ma-larious area under elimination program in the southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(Suppl 1): 73–80.
26. Hanafi-Bojd A-A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Doosti S, Azari-Hamidian S (2017) Lar-val habitats, affinity and diversity indi-ces of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in south¬ern Iran. Inter J Mosq Res. 4: 27–38.
27. Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Ver¬tical distribution, biodiversity and some selective aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics of the larval hab¬itats of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Cha¬har¬mahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Int J Epidemiol Res. 7(2): 74–91.
28. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Seda-ghat MM, Akbarzadeh K, Godwin GN (2021) Larval habitats characteristics of Culic¬inae subfamily in the south of Iran. Nus Biosci. 13(2): 194–201.
29. Avramov M, Thaivalappil A, Ludwig A, Miner L, Cullingham CI, Waddell L, La-pen DR (2024) Relationships between wa¬ter quality and mosquito presence and abun¬dance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Entomol. 61(1): 1–33.
30. Barraud PJ (1920) Notes on some Cu-licidae collected in lower Mesopotamia. Bull Entomol Res. 10(3): 323–325.
31. Marsh F (1933) New species of Anopheles (Myzomyia group) from south-west Per-sia. Stylops. 2: 193–197.
32. Lindberg K (1941) Le paludisme dans l’Iran. Acta Med Scand. 107(6): 547–578.
33. Macan TT (1950) Anopheles and Malaria in the Near East. Part III. The Anophe-line Mosquitoes of Iraq and North Per-sia. Lon¬don School of Hygiene and Tropical Med¬icine Research Memoir No 7. HK and Lewis Co Ltd, London.
34. Dow RP (1953) Notes on Iranian mosqui-toes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2: 683–695.
35. Saebi ME (1987) Morphological study on anopheline larvae and their distribution in Iran [PhD dissertation]. School of Pub¬lic Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Per¬sian).
36. Harbach RE (1988) The mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Ent Inst. 24: 1–240.
37. Navidpour S, Vazirianzadeh B, Harbach R, Jahanifard E, Moravvej SA (2012) The identification of culicine mosquitoes in the Shadegan wetland in southwestern Iran. J Insect Sci. 12: 105.
38. Dehghan H, Sadraei J, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbar Baniani N, Nowruzi F (2013) The molecular and morphological variations of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culi-cidae) in Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 50: 111–120.
39. Nasirian H, Sadeghi SMS, Vazirianzadeh B, Moosa-Kazemi SH (2014) New rec-ord of Aedes vittatus and Culiseta subo-chrea (Diptera: Culicidae) and their dis-tribution from Shadegan Wetland, south western Iran. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2(5): 271–275.
40. Farhadinejad R, Mousavi M, Amraee K (2015) The species composition of mos-quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Mahshahr District, Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran. Arch Razi Inst. 70(2): 89–95.
41. Maghsoodi N, Ladonni H, Basseri HR (2015) Species composition and seasonal activi¬ties of malaria vectors in an area at re¬introduction prevention stage, Khuzestan, south-western Iran. J Arthro-pod-Borne Dis. 9(1): 60–70.
42. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Seda-ghat MM, Akbarzadeh K, Godwin GN (2018) Larval habitat[s] characteristics of Cu¬lic¬inae subfamily in the south of Iran. Nus Biosci. 13(2): 194–201.
43. Salmanzadeh S, Foroutan-Rad M, Khademvatan S, Moogahi S, Bigdeli S (2015) Signifi¬cant decline of malaria in-cidence in South¬west of Iran (2001–2014). J Trop Med. 2015: 523767.
44. Kassiri H, Khodkar I, Safari V, Lotfi M (2018) A twenty-four years study on the malaria trend in southwestern Iran (1995–2018). Entomol App Sci Lett. 5(4): 35–44.
45. Soltani S, Foroutan M, Valipour A, Sabati Z, Hallajian F (2020) Non-Iranian trav¬el-ers may threaten malaria elimination in Iran. Asian Pc J Trop Med. 13(6): 281–282.
46. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-in-star lar¬vae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Dip¬tera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078: 1–33.
47. Tischler W (1949) Grundzüge der ter-restrischen Tierökologie. Friedrich Vieweg, Braun¬schweig.
48. Heydemann B (1955) Die Frage der topog¬raphischen Übereinstimmung des Le¬bens¬raumes von Pflanzen- und Tierg¬e-sell¬schaf¬ten. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges Er¬langen. 19: 444–452.
49. Fager EW, McGowan JA (1963) Zoo-plank¬ton species groups in the North Pa-cific. Science. 140(3566): 453–460.
2. Wilkerson RC, Linton YM, Strickman DA (2021) Mosquitoes of the World. Vol-umes 1 and 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltomore.
3. World Health Organization (2008) The Glob¬al Burden of Disease: 2004 update. WHO, Geneva.
4. Harbach RE (2025) Mosquito taxonomic in-ventory. Available at: http://mosqui-totax¬onomic-inventory. (accessed 19 No¬vember 2025).
5. Azari-Hamidian S (2023) The invasive Ae-des mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and their medical and veterinary importance: a mini review. Caspian J Health Res. 8 (4): 241–246.
6. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2025) Up-dated checklist of the mosquitoes (Dip-tera: Culicidae) known to occur in Iran, with updated keys to the genera, subgen¬era and species of Aedes. Zootaxa. 5636 (1): 102–120.
7. Azari-Hamidian S, Norouzi B, Harbach RE (2019) A detailed review of the mosqui-toes (Diptera: Culicidae) of Iran and their medical and veter¬inary importance. Acta Trop. 194: 106–122.
8. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2023) Ar-thropod-borne and arthropod-related vi-ruses in Iran and neighboring countries. Parazitol. 57(5): 356–440.
9. Zaim M, Subbarao SK, Manouchehri AV, Cochrane AH (1993) Role of Anopheles culicifacies s.l. and An. pulcherrimus in malaria transmission in Ghassreghand (Ba¬luchistan), Iran. J Am Mosq Control As¬soc. 9: 23–26.
10. Eshghy N (1977) Anopheles multicolor Cam¬bouliu and its role in the transmis-sion of malaria in Iran. J Ent Soc Iran. 4: 87–88 (Persian with English abstract).
11. Dinparast Djadid N, Jazayeri H, Gholiza-deh S, Pashaei Rad Sh, Zakeri S (2009) First record of a new member of Anoph-eles Hyrcanus Group from Iran: molecu-lar identification, diagnosis, phylogeny, status of kdr resistance and Plasmodium infection. J Med Entomol. 46: 1084–1093.
12. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Motazakker M, Vatan-doost H, Dabiri F, Chavshin AR (2021) Sindbis virus infection of mosquito spe-cies in the wetlands of northwestern Iran and modeling the probable ecological nich¬es of SINV vectors in the country. Acta Trop. 220: 105952.
13. Bagheri M, Terenius O, Oshaghi MA, Mota¬zakker M, Asgari S, Dabiri F, Vatan¬doost H, Mohammadi Bavanim M, Chavshin AR (2015) West Nile virus in mosqui¬toes of Iranian wetlands. Vec-tor-Borne Zoon¬otic Dis. 15: 750–754.
14. Shahhosseini N, Chinikar S, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sedaghat MM, Kayedi MH, Lühken R, Schmidt-Chanasit J (2017) West Nile Virus lineage-2 in Culex spec¬imens from Iran. Trop Med Inter Health. 22: 1343–1349.
15. Shahhosseini N, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Sed¬a-ghat MM, Wong G, Chinikar S, Hajivand Z, Mokhayeri H, Nowotny N, Kayedi MH (2020) Autochthonous transmission of West Nile virus by a new vector in Iran, vector-host interac¬tion modeling and vir¬ulence gene de-terminants. Vi¬ruses. 12(12): 1449.
16. Khaledian M, Owliaee I, Sazmand A, Da-vari B, Zahirnia AH, Azizi Jalilian F (2024) West Nile virus in adults and lar-vae of Culiseta longiareolata and Culex hortensis (Diptera: Culicidae) captured in Hamedan, western Iran. Acta Trop. 260: 107434.
17. Bakhshi H, Mousson L, Moutailler S, Vazeille M, Piorkowski G, Zakeri S, Raz A, de Lamballerie X, Dinparast-Djadid N, Failloux AB (2020) Detection of ar-boviruses in mosquitoes: evidence of cir-culation of chikungunya virus in Iran. PLOS Neg Trop Dis. 14: 6.
18. Azari-Hamidian S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Abai MR, Mobedi I, Linton YM, Harbach RE (2009) Distribution and ecology of mosquitoes in a focus of diro¬filariasis in northwestern Iran, with the first finding of filarial larvae in naturally infected local mosquitoes. Med Vet En¬tomol. 23(2): 111–121.
19. Zaim M (1987) The distribution and larval habitat characteristics of Iranian Culic-inae. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 3(4): 568–573.
20. Ghanbari MR, Rakhsh Khorshid A, Salehi M, Hassanzehi A (2005) The study of phys¬ical and chemical factors affecting breed¬ing places of Anopheles in Iranshahr. Tabib-e-Shargh, J Zahedan Univ Med Sci. 7: 221–227 (Persian with English abstract).
21. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Seda-ghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiversity of anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in a malarious area of southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49: 91–100.
22. Kassiri H, Amani H (2012) Bionomics and breeding places of the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mahroo and Sepid-Dasht Districts, Luri¬stan Province, west¬ern Iran. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 14(8): e93261.
23. Amani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Kassiri H
(2013) Fauna, abundance, distribution and seasonal activity of Anopheles mos-qui¬toes (Diptera: Culicidae) in larval habi¬tats, Aligoudarz County, western Iran. Hor¬mozgan Med J. 17(2): 133–143 (Per¬sian with English abstract).
24. Amani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Kassiri H (2014) The ecology and larval habi¬tats characteristics of anopheline mos¬quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Aligoudarz Coun¬ty (Luristan Province, western Iran). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(Suppl 1): S233–S241.
25. Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Vatandoost H, Zare M (2014) Characterization of larval hab-itats for anopheline mosquitoes in a ma-larious area under elimination program in the southeast of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 4(Suppl 1): 73–80.
26. Hanafi-Bojd A-A, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Doosti S, Azari-Hamidian S (2017) Lar-val habitats, affinity and diversity indi-ces of Culicinae (Diptera: Culicidae) in south¬ern Iran. Inter J Mosq Res. 4: 27–38.
27. Omrani SM, Azari-Hamidian S (2020) Ver¬tical distribution, biodiversity and some selective aspects of the physico-chemical characteristics of the larval hab¬itats of mosquitoes (Diptera: Cu-licidae) in Cha¬har¬mahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Int J Epidemiol Res. 7(2): 74–91.
28. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Seda-ghat MM, Akbarzadeh K, Godwin GN (2021) Larval habitats characteristics of Culic¬inae subfamily in the south of Iran. Nus Biosci. 13(2): 194–201.
29. Avramov M, Thaivalappil A, Ludwig A, Miner L, Cullingham CI, Waddell L, La-pen DR (2024) Relationships between wa¬ter quality and mosquito presence and abun¬dance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Entomol. 61(1): 1–33.
30. Barraud PJ (1920) Notes on some Cu-licidae collected in lower Mesopotamia. Bull Entomol Res. 10(3): 323–325.
31. Marsh F (1933) New species of Anopheles (Myzomyia group) from south-west Per-sia. Stylops. 2: 193–197.
32. Lindberg K (1941) Le paludisme dans l’Iran. Acta Med Scand. 107(6): 547–578.
33. Macan TT (1950) Anopheles and Malaria in the Near East. Part III. The Anophe-line Mosquitoes of Iraq and North Per-sia. Lon¬don School of Hygiene and Tropical Med¬icine Research Memoir No 7. HK and Lewis Co Ltd, London.
34. Dow RP (1953) Notes on Iranian mosqui-toes. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2: 683–695.
35. Saebi ME (1987) Morphological study on anopheline larvae and their distribution in Iran [PhD dissertation]. School of Pub¬lic Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Per¬sian).
36. Harbach RE (1988) The mosquitoes of the subgenus Culex in southwestern Asia and Egypt (Diptera: Culicidae). Contrib Am Ent Inst. 24: 1–240.
37. Navidpour S, Vazirianzadeh B, Harbach R, Jahanifard E, Moravvej SA (2012) The identification of culicine mosquitoes in the Shadegan wetland in southwestern Iran. J Insect Sci. 12: 105.
38. Dehghan H, Sadraei J, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Akbar Baniani N, Nowruzi F (2013) The molecular and morphological variations of Culex pipiens complex (Diptera: Culi-cidae) in Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 50: 111–120.
39. Nasirian H, Sadeghi SMS, Vazirianzadeh B, Moosa-Kazemi SH (2014) New rec-ord of Aedes vittatus and Culiseta subo-chrea (Diptera: Culicidae) and their dis-tribution from Shadegan Wetland, south western Iran. J Entomol Zool Stud. 2(5): 271–275.
40. Farhadinejad R, Mousavi M, Amraee K (2015) The species composition of mos-quitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Mahshahr District, Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran. Arch Razi Inst. 70(2): 89–95.
41. Maghsoodi N, Ladonni H, Basseri HR (2015) Species composition and seasonal activi¬ties of malaria vectors in an area at re¬introduction prevention stage, Khuzestan, south-western Iran. J Arthro-pod-Borne Dis. 9(1): 60–70.
42. Doosti S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Seda-ghat MM, Akbarzadeh K, Godwin GN (2018) Larval habitat[s] characteristics of Cu¬lic¬inae subfamily in the south of Iran. Nus Biosci. 13(2): 194–201.
43. Salmanzadeh S, Foroutan-Rad M, Khademvatan S, Moogahi S, Bigdeli S (2015) Signifi¬cant decline of malaria in-cidence in South¬west of Iran (2001–2014). J Trop Med. 2015: 523767.
44. Kassiri H, Khodkar I, Safari V, Lotfi M (2018) A twenty-four years study on the malaria trend in southwestern Iran (1995–2018). Entomol App Sci Lett. 5(4): 35–44.
45. Soltani S, Foroutan M, Valipour A, Sabati Z, Hallajian F (2020) Non-Iranian trav¬el-ers may threaten malaria elimination in Iran. Asian Pc J Trop Med. 13(6): 281–282.
46. Azari-Hamidian S, Harbach RE (2009) Keys to the adult females and fourth-in-star lar¬vae of the mosquitoes of Iran (Dip¬tera: Culicidae). Zootaxa. 2078: 1–33.
47. Tischler W (1949) Grundzüge der ter-restrischen Tierökologie. Friedrich Vieweg, Braun¬schweig.
48. Heydemann B (1955) Die Frage der topog¬raphischen Übereinstimmung des Le¬bens¬raumes von Pflanzen- und Tierg¬e-sell¬schaf¬ten. Verh Dtsch Zool Ges Er¬langen. 19: 444–452.
49. Fager EW, McGowan JA (1963) Zoo-plank¬ton species groups in the North Pa-cific. Science. 140(3566): 453–460.
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How to Cite
1.
Kassiri H, Zamanizadeh M, Azari-Hamidian S. Larval Habitat Characteristics of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Andimeshk County of Khuzistan Province, Southwestern Iran )2019–2020). J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2026;.
