Historical Overview of the Bionomics of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran: Insights and Implications

Abstract

Background: Anopheles stephensi is a subtropical anopheline species that is considered among the most efficient vec­tors of human malaria. Recently, this species has expanded its range to southern latitudes, reaching the Horn of Africa. The spread of An. stephensi is a major threat to global malaria control. This study aimed to synthesize all available data on the bionomics of An. stephensi in Iran.
Methods: A literature search (1960–2025) was conducted across databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and regional indexes. Keywords related to An. stephensi and malaria in Iran were used. Studies on distribution, taxonomy, behavior, habitats and infection were included.
Results: The search yielded 56 eligible publications from over 230 screened. The species breeds widely in both rural and urban environments using natural and artificial containers. It is primarily endophilic and endophagic, with peak blood-feeding in the early night and both zoophilic and anthropophilic tendencies. Three biological forms were noted, but molecular evidence does not support them as a species complex.
Conclusions: No evidence was found that An. stephensi is a species complex. Its ecological adaptability and behavioral plasticity are key to its role in malaria transmission. Breeding, resting, and blood-feeding behaviors are critical factors to consider in vector control programs. As Iran nears elimination, the importance of continuous surveillance, integrated vector management and cross-border collaboration is emphasized. This approach can also offer valuable lessons for regions that have recently been affected by this vector, provided that contextual adaptations are made to local ecologi­cal, social and health system conditions.