Distribution of Anopheles culicifacies and Detection of its Sibling Species E from Madhya Pradesh: Central India
-
Ajay Kumar Sharma
,
Varun Tyagi
,
Sompal Singh
,
Vijay Veer
,
Om Prakash Agrawal
,
Devanathan Sukumaran
Abstract
Background: Anopheles culicifacies is an important vector of malaria in Southeast Asia, contributing to almost 70%of malaria cases in India. It exists as a complex of five morphologically indistinguishable species A, B, C, D and E with varied geographical distribution patterns. In India, 8% of the total population of Madhya Pradesh (Central India) contributes about 30% of total malaria cases, 60% of total falciparum cases and 50% of malaria deaths. An. culicifacies is the major malaria vector in this state. Vector control mainly relies on the proper identification and distribution of vector species exists in a particular area. The present study was carried out to identify the distribution of An. culicifacies sibling species in certain endemic district of Central India, Madhya Pradesh.
Methods: The An. culicifacies mosquitoes collected from the study districts were identified morphologically. The genomic DNA was isolated from the mosquitoes and subjected to Allele specific PCR targeting D3 domain of 28S ribosomal DNA.
Results: The mean prevalence of An. culicifacies during the study period was in the range of 8–120 per man per hour (PMH). From the study areas species B was identified from Jabalpur, Chindwara and Hoshangabad, Species C from Hoshangabad only, Species D from Narsinghpur and Khandwa and sibling species E from Mandla, Chindwara and Hoshangabad respectively.
Conclusion: This is the first report to detect species E from Madhya Pradesh region which necessitate for reconsideration of species distribution of each An. culicifacies sibling species that would enable to develop required vector control strategies.
Adak T, Subbarao SK, Sharma VP, Rao SRV (1994) Lactate dehydrogenase allozyme differentiation of species in the Ano- pheles culicifacies complex. Med Vet Entomol. 8: 137–140.
Adak T, Kaur S, Wattal S, Nanda N, Sharma VP (1997) Y-chromosome polymor- phism in species B and C of Anopheles culicifacies complex. J Am Mosq Con- trol Assoc. 13: 379–383.
State wise malaria situation during 1997–2006 (2007) National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. 22- Sham Nath Marg Delhi-110054.
Ansari MA, Mani TR, Sharma VP (1977) A preliminary note on the colonization of Anopheles culicifacies Giles. J Comm Dis. 9: 206–207.
Christophers SR (1933) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Diptera, Vol. IV. Family Culicidae, Tribe Anopheline. Taylor and Francis, London.
Das BP, Rajagopal R, Akiyama J (1990) Pic- torial key to Indian anopheline mos- quitoes. Zoology. 2: 132–162.
Das BP (1990) Morphological difference between sibling species of An. culicifacies: A preliminary report. Mos- quito-Borne diseases Bulletin. 7: 131–133.
Das M, Das B, Patra AP, Tripathy HK, Mohapatra N, Kar SK, Hazra RK (2013) Anopheles culicifacies sibling species in Odisha, eastern India: First appearance of Anopheles culicifacies E and its vectorial role in malaria trans- mission. Trop Med Int Health. 18:810–821.
Diamond-Smith N, Singh N, Dasgupta RK, Dash A, Thimasarn K, Campbell OM, Chandramohan D (2009) Estimating the burden of malaria in pregnancy: a case study from rural Madhya Pradesh, India. Malar J. 8: 24.
Goswami G, Singh OP, Nanda N, Raghavendra K, Gakhar SK, Subbarao SK (2006) Identification of all members of the Anopheles culicifacies complex using allele-specific polymerase chain reac- tion assays. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75:454–460.
Green CA, Miles SJ (1980) Chromosomal evidence for sibling species of the malaria vector Anopheles (Cellia) culicifacies Giles. J Trop Med Hyg. 83:75–78.
Harrison BA (1980) The Myzomyia series of Anopheles (Cellia) in Thailand, with emphasis on intra-specific variations (Diptera: Culicidae). Contr Am Entomol Inst (Ann Arbor). 17: 1–195.
Joshi H, Vasantha K, Subbarao SK, Sharma VP (1988) Host feeding patterns of Anopheles culicifacies species A and B. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 4: 248–251.
Kar I, Subbarao SK, Eapen A, Ravindran J, Satyanarayana TS, Raghavendra K, Nanda N, Sharma VP (1999) Evidence for a new malaria vector species, spe- cies E, within the Anopheles culicifaciesc omplex (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 36: 595–600.
Litvaitis MK, Nunn G, Thomas WK, Kocher TD (1994) A molecular approach for the identification of Meiofaunal turbellarians (Platyhelminthes, Turbellaria). Marine Biol. 120: 437–442.
Mahmood F, Sakai RK, Akhtar K (1984) Vector incrimination studies and ob- servations of species A and B of the taxon Anopheles culicifacies in Paki- stan. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg.78: 607–616.
Mishra AK, Chand SK, Barik TK, Dua VK, Raghavendra K (2012) Insecticide re- sistance status in Anopheles culicifacies in Madhya Pradesh, central India. J Vector Borne Dis 49: 39–41.
Nagpal BN, Sharma VP (1995) Indian Anophelines. Oxford and IBH Publish- ing Co. Pvt Ltd, Mohan Primlani, N Delhi.
Pattanayak S, Sharma VP, Kalra NL, Orlov VS, Sharma RS (1994) Malaria para- digms in India and control strategies. Indian J Malariol. 31(4): 141–199.
Raghavendra K, Vasantha K, Subbarao SK, Pillai MKK, Sharma VP (1991) Re- sistance in Anopheles culicifacies sib- ling species B and C to malathion in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat states in India. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 7:255–259.
Sharma AK, Mendki MJ, Tikar SN, Chandel K, Sukumaran D, Parashar BD, Veer V, Agarwal OP, Prakash S (2009) Genetic Variability in geographical populations of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) from India based on random amplified poly- morphic DNA analysis. Acta Trop.112: 71–76.
Sharma AK, Mendki MJ, Tikar SN, Kulkarni G, Veer V, Prakash S, Shouche YS, Parashar BD (2010) Molecular phylo- genetic study of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito from different geographical regions of India using 16S rRNA gene sequences. Acta Trop. 116: 89–94.
Sharpe RG, Hims MM, Harbach RE, Butlin RK (1999) PCR-based methods for the identification of species of the Anoph- eles minimus group: allele specific amplification and single strand con- formation polymorphism, Med Vet Entomol. 13: 265–273.
Sharma VP (1996) Re-emergence of malaria in India. Indian J Med Res. 103: 26–45. Sharma VP (1998) Fighting malaria in India.Curr Sci. 75: 1127–1140.
Sharma VP (2012) Battling malaria iceberg incorporating strategic reforms in achieving Millennium Development Goals and malaria elimination in India. Indian J Med Res. 136(6): 907–925.
Singh N, Das AP, Varun BM, Kataria OM (2004) Tribal Malaria. ICMR Bulletin.34: 1–10.
Singh N (2006) Tribal Malaria an Update on Changing Epidemiology. Proceedings of National symposium on Tribal Health, RMRCT, ICMR, Jabalpur, Oc- tober 19–20, pp. 47–54.
Singh N, Dash AP, Thimasarn K (2009) Fighting malaria in Madhya Pradesh (Central India): Are we loosing the battle? Malar J. 8: 93.
Singh OP, Chandra D, Nanda N, Raghavendra K, Sunil S, Sharma SK, Dua VK, Subbarao SK (2004a) Differentiation of members of the Anopheles fluviatilis species complex by an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction based on 28S ribosomal DNA sequences. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 70: 27–32
Singh, OP, Goswami, G, Nanda MN, Raghavendra K, Chandra D, Subbarao SK (2004b) An allele-specific poly- merase chain reaction assay for the differentiation of members of the Anopheles culicifacies complex. J Biosci. 29: 275–280.
Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Adak T, Sharma VP (1983) Anopheles culicifacies com- plex: evidence for a new sibling spe- cies, species C. Ann Entomol Soc Am.76: 985–986.
Subbarao SK, Vasantha K, Sharma VP (1988) Response of Anopheles culicifacies species A and B to DDT and HCH in India: implications in malaria control. Med Vet Entomol. 2: 219–223.
Subbarao SK, Sharma VP (1997) Anopheline species complexes and malaria control. Indian J Med Res. 106: 164–173.
Subbarao SK (1998) Anopheline Species Complexes in South-East Asia. World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia, New Delhi, India.
Suguna SG, Tewari SC, Mani TR, Hiryan J, Reuben R (1989) A cytogenetic de- scription of a new species of the Anopheles culicifacies species com- plex. Genetica. 78: 225–230.
Surendran SN, Abhayawardana TA, De Silva BGDNK, Ramasamy MS, Ramasamy R (2000) Anopheles culicifacies Y chromosome dimorphism indicates the presence of sibling species (B and E) with different malaria vector potential in Sri Lanka. Med Vet Entomol. 14:437–440.
Surendran SN, Hawkes NJ, Steven A, Hem- ingway J, Ramasamy R (2006a) Mo- lecular studies of Anopheles culicifacies (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sri Lanka: sib- ling species B and E show sequence identity at multiple loci. Eur J Entomol.103: 233–237.
Surendran SN, Ramasamy MS, De Silva BGDNK, Ramasamy R (2006b) Anoph- eles culicifacies sibling species B and E in Sri Lanka differ in longevity and their susceptibility to malaria parasite infection and common insecticides. Med Vet Entomol. 20: 153–156.
Van Bortel W, Sochanta T, Harbach RE, Socheat D, Roelants P, Backeljau T, Coosemans M (2002) Presence of Anopheles culicifacies B in Cambodia established by the PCR-RFLP assay de- veloped for the identification of Anoph- eles minimus species A and C and four related species. Med Vet Entomol. 16:329–334.
Vasantha K, Subbarao SK, Sharma VP (1991)Anopheles culicifacies complex: population cytogenetic evidence for species D (Diptera: Culicidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am. 84: 531–536.
Vatandoost H, Emami SN, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Raeisi A, Piazzak N, Mahmoodi M, Akbarzadeh K, Sartipi M (2011) Ecology of malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies in a malarious area of Sistan va Baluchestan Province, south- east Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 17(5): 439–445.
Wattal BL, Kalra NL (1961) Region wise keys to the female Indian anophelines. Bull Natl Soc. Indian Mal Mosq Dis. 9:85–138.
Zaim M, Javaherian Z (1991) Occurrence of Anopheles culicifacies species A in Iran. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 7(2): 324–326.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 8 No 2 (2014) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| AS-PCR Anopheles culicifacies Madhya Pradesh Malaria Sibling species | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
