Detection of a New Strain of Wolbachia pipientis in Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus, a Potential Vector of Visceral Leishmaniasis in North West of Iran, by Targeting the Major Surface Protein Gene
,
Abstract
Background: Wolbachia pipientis is maternally inherited endoparasitic bacterium belonging to the α-proteobacteria, infecting 20–75% of all insect species including sand flies. The Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) was employed as an appropriate marker for strain typing. The objective of our research was to find the possibility of detection of W.pipientis in Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus.
Methods: Individual sand flies were screened for the presence of W. pipientis. The obtained sequences were edited and aligned with database sequences to identify W. pipientis haplotypes.
Results: T wo haplotypes of W. pipientis were found in P. perfiliewi transcaucasicus. The common haplotype of W. pipientis was found to be identical to the sequences of those submitted in GenBank. New strain (haplotype) of W. pipientis was found novel. The sequence of new strain of W. pipientis occurs in P. perfiliewi transcaucasicus is very different from those already submitted in GenBank.
Conclusion: Finding one genetically modified new strain of W. pipientis in P. perfiliewi transcaucasicus, now we can conclude that further documents and studies need to reach the role of cytoplasmic incompatibility of W. pipientis through wild sand fly populations to drive a deleterious gene into and to reduce the density of natural populations of Sand flies.
Akhoundi M, Parvizi P, Baghaei A, Depaquit J (2012) The subgenus Adlerius Nitzulescu (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) in Iran. Acta Trop. 122: 7–15.
Anonymous (1997) Wolbachia pipientis over- view. National Science, Available at: http://www.wolbachia.sols.uq.edu.au.
Baldo L, Bordenstein S, Wernegreen JJ, Werren JH (2006) Widespread recom- bination throughout Wolbachia genomes. Mol Biol Evol. 23: 437–449.
Bandi C, Anderson TC, Genchi C, Blaxter ML (1998) Phylogeny of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes. Proc R Soc Lond B.265: 2407–2413.
Ben Ismail R, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Helal H, Ben Rachid MS (1987) Isolation of Leishmania major from Phlebotomus papatasi in Tunisia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 81: 749.
Benlarbi M, Ready PD (2003) Host-specific Wolbachia strains in widespread pop- ulations of Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae), and prospects for driving genes into these vectors of Leishmania. Bull Entomol Res. 93: 383–391.
Braig HK, Zhou W, Dobson SL, O’neill SL (1998) Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding the major surface protein of the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis. J Bacteriol. 180:2373–2378.
Breeuwer JAJ, Jacobs G (1996) Wolbachia: intracellular manipulators of mite repro- duction. Exp Appl Acarol. 20: 421–434. Brownstein JS, Hett E, O’Neill SL (2003) The potential of virulent Wolbachia to mod-ulate disease transmission by insects. J Invert Pathog. 84: 24–29.
Curtis CF, Sinkins SP (1998) Wolbachia as a possible means of driving genes into populations. Parasitology. 116: 111–115.
Cui L, Chang SH, Stickman D, Rowton E (1999) Frequency of Wolbachia in- fection in laboratory and field sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) populations. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 15: 571–572.
Dobson SL, Fox CW, Jiggins FM (2002) The Effect of Wolbachia-induced cytoplas- mic incompatibility on host population size in natural and manipulated systems. Proc R Soc Lon (Biol). 269: 437–445.
Franco AO, Davies CR, Mylne A, Dedet JP, Gállego M, Ballart C, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Molina R, Galvez R, Morillas-Marquez F, Baron-Lopez S, Pires CA, Afonso MO, Ready PD, Cox J (2011) Predicting the distribution of canine leishmaniasis in western Eu- rope based on environmental variables. Parasitol. 14:1–14.
Kassem HA, Hassan AN, Abdel-Hamed I, Osman G, El Khalab EM, Madkour MA (2003) Wolbachia infection and the ex- pression of cytoplasmic incompatibil- ity in sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol.97: 639–644.
Mahamdallie SS, Pesson B, Ready PD (2011) Multiple genetic divergences and pop- ulation expansions of a Mediterranean sand fly, Phlebotomus ariasi, in Eu- rope during the Pleistocene glacial cy- cles. Heredity. 106:714–726.
McGraw EA, Merritt DJ, Droller JN, O’ Neill SL (2002) Wolbachia density and virulence attenuation after transfer into a novel host. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA.99: 2918–2923.
Mitsuhashi W, Saiki T, Wei W, Kawakita H, Sato M (2002) Two novel strains of Wolbachia coexisting in both species of mulberry leafhoppers. Insect Mol Biol. 11: 577–584.
Nadim A, Navid-Hamidi A, Javadian E, Tahvildari Bidruni GH, Amini H (1978) Present status of kalaazar in Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 27: 25–28.
O’ Neill SL, Giordano R, Colbert AM, Karr TL, Robertson HM (1992) 16S rRNA phylogenetic analysis of the bacterial endosymbionts associated with cyto- plamic incompatibility in insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. 89: 2699–2702.
Ono M, Braig HR, Munstermann LE, Ferro C, O’Neill SL (2001) Wolbachia infec- tions of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Med Entomol. 38: 237–241.
Parvizi P, Benlarbi M, Ready PD (2003) Mi- tochondrial and Wolbachia markers for the sand fly Phlebotomus papatasi: lit- tle population differentiation between peridomestic sites and gerbil burrows in Isfahan Province, Iran. Med Vet En- tomol. 17: 351–362.
Parvizi P, Fardid F, Amirkhani A (2009) Iso- lation process of two genes of wsp and 16s rRNA in the intracellular bacte- rium, Wolbachia pipientis in Phlebo- tomus papatasi sand fly vector of Zo- onotic Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Med Microb. 4: 53–60 (Persian)
Parvizi P, Moradi Gh, Akbari Gh, Farahmand M, Ready PD, Piazak N, Assmar M, Amirkhani A (2008) PCR detection and sequencing of parasite ITS-rDNA gene from reservoirs host of zoonotic cuta- neous leishmaniasis in central Iran. Pa- rasitol Res. 103:1273–1278.
Parvizi P, Ready PD (2008) Nested PCRs of nuclear ITS-rDNA fragments detect three Leishmania species of gerbils in sanflies from Iranian Foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trop Med Int Health. 13: 1159–1171.
Rasgon JL, Styer LM, Scott TW (2003) Wolbachia induced mortality as a mech- anism to modulate pathogen transmis- sion by vector arthropods. J Med En- tomol. 40: 125–132.
Rousset F, Solignac M (1995) Evolution of single and double Wolbachia symbio- ses during speciation in the Drosophila simulans complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 92: 6389–6393.
Seccombe AK, Ready PD, Huddleston LM (1993) A catalogue of Old World Phle botomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae). Occ Pap Syst Ent. 8: 1–57.
Sinkins SP, O’ Neill SL (2000) Wolbachia as a vehicle to modify insect populations. In Insect Transgenesis: Methods and Applications. Eds, Handler AM and James AA. CRC Press: Boca Raton. pp. 271–288.
Stouthamer R, Breeuwer JAJ, Hurst GDD, (1999) Wolbachia pipientis: microbial manipulator of arthropod reproduction. Annu Rev Microbiol. 53: 71–102.
Swofford DL (2002) PAUP*: Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods) version 4.0. Sinauer Associ- ates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Turelli M, Hoffmann AA (1999) Microbe- induced cytoplasmic incompatibility as a mechanism for introducing transgenes into arthropod populations. Insect Mol Biol. 8: 243–255.
Weeks AR, Reynolds KT, Hoffmann AA (2002) Wolbachia dynamics: what has (and has not) been demonstrated? Trends Ecol Evol. 17: 257–262.
Werren JH (1997) Biology of Wolbachia Ann Rev Entomol. 42: 587–609.Werren JH (1998) Wolbachia and speciation.
In Endless Forms: Species and Specia- tion. Eds, Harvard D, Berlocher S. Ox- ford University Press: Oxford. pp. 245–260.
Zhou W, Rousset F, O’neill S (1998) Phy- logeny and PCR-based classification of Wolbachia strains using wsp gene sequences. Proc R Soc Lond B. 265:509–515.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 7 No 1 (2013) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Iran Kala-azar Leishmania infantum Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus Wolbachia pipientis | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
