Ecological Status of Phlebotomine Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Rural Communities of Northeastern Algeria
Abstract
Background: Algeria is among the most affected Mediterranean countries by leishmaniasis due to its large geographic extent and climatic diversity. The current study aimed to determine the ecological status (composition and diversity) of phlebotomine sandfly populations in the region of Oum El Bouaghi (Northeast Algeria).
Methods: An entomological survey was conducted during the period May–October 2010 in rural communities of Oum El Bouaghi. Catches of sandflies were carried out using sticky traps in both domestic and peri-domestic environments of 16 sites located beneath two bioclimatic areas, sub-humid and semi-arid. Most of these sites have visceral and/or cutaneous leishmaniasis cases.
Results: A total of 1,363 sandflies were captured and identified. They belong to two genera, Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia, and five species. The species Phlebotomus perniciosus, P. perfiliewi and Sergentomyia minuta were constants. Phlebotomus longicuspis was common and P. papatasi was accidental in the study sites. P. perniciosus and P. perfiliewi are the two possible species that contribute in leishmaniasis transmission across the study area due to their high densities (96 and 49 specimens/m²/night, respectively); these two species dominate other species in all study sites.
Conclusion: Findings emphasize the key-role played by P. perniciosus, P. perfiliewi and S. minuta in outlining site similarities based on sandfly densities. The study confirms that the more susceptible sites to leishmaniasis, which hold high densities of these sandflies, were located south of the study area under a semi-arid climate.
Addadi K, Dedet JP (1976) Epidémiologie des leishmanioses en Algérie. 6 Re- censements des cas de leishmanioses viscérales infantiles entre 1965 et 1974. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 69: 68–75.
Belazzoug S (1982) Une épidémie de leish- maniose cutanée dans la région de M’sila (Algérie). Bull Soc Pathol Exot.75(5): 497–504.
Belazzoug S (1983) Le nouveau foyer de leishmaniose cutanée de M’sila (Algé- rie), infestation naturelle de Psammo- mys obesus (Rongeur, Gerbillidés). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 76: 146–149.
Belazzoug S (1986) Découverte d’un Me- riones shawi (Rongeur, Gerbillidés) naturellement infesté par Leishmania dans le nouveau foyer de leishmaniose cutanée de Ksar Chellala (Algérie). Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 79(5):630–633.
Belazzoug S (1991) The sandflies of Alge- ria. Parasitol.33: 85–87.
Belazzoug S (1992) Leishmaniasis in Medi- terranean countries. Vet Parasitol.44(1):15–19.
Belazzoug S, Lanotte G, Maazoun R (1985) Un nouveau variant enzymatique de Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908,Agent de la leishmaniose cutanée du Nord de l’Algérie. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 60(1): 1–3.
Ben Ismail R, Hellal H, Bach Hamba D, Ben Rachid MS (1987) Infestation naturelle de Phlebotomus papatasi dans un foyer de leishmaniose cutanée zoono- tique en Tunisie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.80(4): 613–614.
Benikhlef R, Harrat Z, Toudjine M, Djer- bouh A, Bendali-Braham S, Belkaid M (2004) Présence de Leishmania infan- tum MON-24 chez le chien. Med Trop.64(4): 381–383.
Benikhlef R, Pratlong F, Harrat Z, Seridi N, Bendali-Braham S, Belkaid M, Dedet JP (2001) Infantile visceral leishma- niasis caused by Leishmania infantum zymodeme MON-24 in Algeria. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 94(1): 14–16.
Berchi S (1990) Ecologie des phlébotomes (Diptere, Psychodidae) de l’Est algé- rien [Magister dissertation]. University of Constantine, Algeria.
Berchi S, Bounamous A, Louadi K, Pesson B (2007) Différenciation morpholo- gique de deux espèces sympatriques: Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead
et Phlebotomus longicuspis Nit- zulescu 1930 (Diptera: Psychodidae). Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 43(2): 201–203.
Bettini S, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Atzeni MC (1986) Leishmaniasis in Sardinia: II. Natural infection of Phlebotomus perniciosus Newstead, 1911, by Leishmania infantum Nicolle, 1908, in the province of Cagliari. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 80(3): 458–459.
Boudrissa A, Cherif K, Kherrachi I, Benbetka S, Bouiba L, Boubidi SC, Benikhlef R, Arrar L, Hamrioui B, Harrat Z (2012) Extension de Leishmania major au nord de l’Algérie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.105(1): 30–35.
Boulkenafet F, Berchi S, Louadi K (2007) Les phlébotomes (Diptera : Psychodi-dae) et la transmission de la leishma- niose dans la région de Skikda.The 3rd National Workshop NAFRINET,2007 December 2–3, University of Tebessa, Algeria. pp. 34–39.
Boussaa S, Pesson B, Boumezzough A (2007) Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of Marrakech city, Mo- rocco. Ann Trop Med Parasitol.101 (8): 715–724.
Compton SG, Bullock JM, Kenward RE, Hails RS (2002) Sailing with the wind: dispersal by small flying insects. Dis- persal ecology: The 42nd Symposium of the British Ecological Society, 2–5
April 2001, University of Reading, UK, Blackwell Publishing. pp. 113–133.
Croset H (1969) Ecologie et systématique des phlébotomini (Diptera : Psychodi- dae) dans deux foyers Français et Tu- nisien de leishmaniose viscérale. Essai d’interprétation épidémiologique [PhD dissertation]. University of Montpel- lier, France.
Croset H, Abonnec E, Rioux JA (1970)Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) cha- baudi n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp.45: 863–873.
Dancesco P (2008) Les espèces de phlébo- tomes (Diptera: Psychodidae) de Rou- manie, certains aspects de leur écolo- gie et nouvelles stations de capture. Trav Mus Nat Hist Nat Grigore Antipa.51: 185–199.
Dedet JP, Addadi K, Belazzoug S (1984) Les Phlébotomes (Diptera, Psychodi- dae) d’Algérie. Cah. ORSTOM. Ser. Entomol Med Parasitol.22(2): 99–127.
Depaquit J, Grandadam M, Fouque F, Andry PE, Peyrefitte C (2010) Arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Phlebotomine sandflies in Europe: a review. Euro Surveill.15(10): 19507.
Dolmatova AV, Demina NA (1971) Les Phlébotomes (Phlebotominae) et les maladies qu’ils transmettent. Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer (ORSTOM), Paris. pp. 17–63.
DSP (2013) Périodique des maladies à dé- claration obligatoire. Document interne, Service d’épidémiologie et de méde- cine préventive. Direction de la santé et de la population (DSP), Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria.
Euzeby J (1984) Les parasites humains d’origine animale. Caractères épidé- miologiques. Flammarion Médecine- Sciences. Paris, France.
Ghrab J, Rhim A, Bach-Hamba D, Chahed MK, Aoun K, Nouira S, Bouratbine A (2006) Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psy- chodidae) of human leishmaniosis sites in Tunisia. Parasite.13(1): 23–33.
Harrat Z, Belkaid M (2003) Les leishma- nioses dans l’Algérois. Données épi- démiologiques. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.96(3): 212–214.
Harrat Z, Boubidi SC, Pratlong F, Benikhlef R, Selt B, Dedet JP, Ravel C, Belkaid M (2009) Description of a dermatropic Leishmania close to L. killicki (Rioux, Lanotte and Pratlong 1986) in Algeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.103(7):716–720.
Harrat Z, Hamrioui B, Belkaïd M, Tabet- Derraz O (1995) Point actuel sur l’épidémiologie des leishmanioses en Algérie. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.88(4):180–184.
Harrat Z, Pratlong F, Belazzoug S, Dereure J, Deniau M, Rioux JA, Belkaid M, Dedet JP (1996) Leishmania infantum and L. major in Algeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 90: 625–629.
INSP (2011) Monthly Epidemiological Rec- ords (REM) of the National Institute of Public Health. Institut National de Santé Publique (INSP), Algiers, Alge- ria. Available from: http://www.ands.dz/insp/rem.html
Izri MA, Belazzoug S (1993) Phlebotomus (Larroussius) perfiliewi naturally in- fected with dermotropic Leishmania infantum at Tenes, Algeria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.87(4): 399.
Izri MA, Belazzoug S, Boudjebla Y, Dereure J, Pratlong F, Delalbre-Belmonte A, Rioux JA (1990) Leishmania infantum MON 1, isolée de Phlebotomus perniciosus en Kabylie, Algérie. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp.65(3): 151–152.
Izri MA, Belazzoug S, Pratlong F, Rioux JA (1992) Isolement de Leishmania major chez Phlebotomus papatasi à Biskra (Algérie): fin d'une épopée écoépi- démiologique. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp.67(1): 31–32.
Janini R, Saliba E, Khoury S, Oumish O, Adwan S, Kamhawi S (1995) Incrimi- nation of Phlebotomus papatasi as vector of Leishmania major in the southern Jordan Valley. Med Vet Entomol. 9(4): 420–422.
Kamhawi S (2006) Phlebotomine sand flies and Leishmania parasites: friends or foes?. Trends Parasitol. 22(9): 439–445.
Killick‐Kendrick R (1990) Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review.Med Vet Entomol.4(1): 1–24.
Killick-Kendrick R (1999) The Biology and Control of Phlebotomine Sand Flies. Clin Dermatol.17(3): 279–289.
Killick-Kendrick R, Leaney AJ, Peters W, Rioux JA, Bray RS (1985) Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Saudi Ara- bia: the incrimination of Phlebotomus papatasi as the vector in the Al Hassa oasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.79(2): 252–255.
Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing. pp. 100–119.
Mansouri R, Pratlong F, Bachi F, Hamrioui B, Dedet JP (2012) The First Isoenzymatic Characterizations of the Leishmania Strains Responsible for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Area of Annaba (Eastern Algeria). Open Conf Proc J.3: 6–11.
Maroli M, Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Ready PD, Smith DF, Aquino C (1988) Natu- ral infection of phlebotomine sandflies with Trypanosomatidae in central and south Italy. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 82(2): 227–228.
Messai N, Berchi S, Boulknafd F, Louadi K (2011) Diversité biologique de phlébo- tomes (Diptera : Psychodidae) de la région de Mila. Proceeding of SIBFA.22–24 November 2009, University of
Ouargla, Algeria, pp. 182–184. Moulaham T, Fendri AH, Harrat Z, Ben-mezdad A, Aissaoui K, Ahraou S, Ad- dadi K (1998) Contribution à l’étude des phlébotomes de Constantine : es- pèces capturées dans un appartement urbain. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 91(4):344–345.
Neffar S, Chenchouni H, Si Bachir A (2015) Floristic composition and analysis of spontaneous vegetation of Sabkha Djendli in North-east Algeria. Plant Biosystems. DOI:10.1080/11263504.2013.810181.
Parrot L, Donatien A, Lestoquard F (1930) Sur le développement du parasite de la leishmaniose canine viscéral chez P. major var perniciosus. Newstead. Bull Soc Pathol Exot.23(7): 724–726.
Ready PD (2013) Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Ann Review Entomol. 58: 227–250.
Rioux JA, Golvan YJ, Croset H, Houin R, Juminer B, Bain O, Tour S (1967) Ecologie des leishmanioses dans le sud de la France. Ann Parasitol. 42(6):561–603.
Senghor MW, Faye MN, Faye B, Diarra K, Elguero E, Gaye O, Bañuls AL, Niang AA (2011) Ecology of phlebotomine sand flies in the rural community of Mont Rolland (Thies region, Senegal): area of transmission of canine leish- maniasis. Plos One.6(3): 14773.
Sergent E, Parrot L (1926) Chronique du bouton d’orient. Arch Inst Pasteur Al- ger. 4: 26–96.
Spellerberg IF, Fedor PJ (2003) A tribute to Claude Shannon (1916–2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species diversity and the “Shannon-Wiener” Index. Glob Ecol Biogeogr.12(3):177–183.
Tesh RB (1988) The genus Phlebovirus and its vectors. Ann Rev Entomol.33(1):169–181.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Tahuildar- Bidruni GH (1995) Leishmania major MON- 26 isolated from naturally in- fected Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Isfahan Province, Iran. Acta Trop.59(4): 279–282.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 1 (2016) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phlebotomine sandflies Leishmaniasis Ecological aspects Algeria | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
