Application of Flumethrin Pour-On on Reservoir Dogs and Its Efficacy against Sand Flies in Endemic Focus of Visceral Leishmaniasis, Meshkinshahr, Iran
-
Mohammad Reza Jalilnavaz
,
Mohammad Reza Abai
,
Hassan Vatandoost
,
Mehdi Mohebali
,
Amir Ahmad Akhavan
,
Zabihollah Zarei
,
Sayena Rafizadeh
,
Hassan Bakhshi
,
Yaver Rassi
Abstract
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important parasitic zoonotic diseases in the world. Domestic dogs are the main domestic reservoirs of VL in endemic foci of Iran. Various methods, including vaccination, treatment of dogs, detection and removal of infected dogs have different results around the world. General policy on control of canine visceral leishmaniasis is protection of them from sand fly bites. The aim of this study was evaluation of pour-on application of flumethrin on dogs against blood-feeding and mortality of field-caught sand flies.
Methods: Once every 20 days from May untill September 2013, the treated and control dogs were exposed with field caught sandflies for 2 hours under bed net traps. After the exposure time, both alive and dead sand flies were transferred in netted cups to the laboratory. The mortality rate of them was assessed after 24 hours. The blood-fed or unfed conditions were determined 2 hours after exposure to the dogs under stereomicroscope.
Results: The blood feeding index was varied from 12.0 to 25.0 % and 53.0 to 58.0 % for treated and control dogs respectively (P< 0.0001). The blood feeding inhibition was 75.0–87.0 % and 41.0–46.0 % for the control and treated dogs (P< 0.0001), respectively.The total mortality rate was 94.0–100 % and 19.0–58.0 % respectively for the treated and control groups (P< 0.001).
Conclustion: Application of pour-on flumethrin on dogs caused 90–100 % mortality until 2.5 month and inhibited the blood-feeding of sand flies.
Alessandro P, Sabrina S, Grazia G, Paolo B, Fiancesca M (1997) Comparison of minusidine (Paromorningein) and So- dium stibogluconate for treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol. 71:263–271.
Alvar J, Molina R, San Andres M, Tesoruo M, Nieto J, Vitutia M, Gonzalez F, Sam Andres MU, Cuggiv J, Odriyuez F, Sainz A, Escaccna C, Anez N, Tang Y (1994) Canine leishmaniasis: Clini- cal, Parasitological and entomological follow-up after chemotherapy. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 88(4): 371–378.
Ashford DA, David JR, Freire M, Davird R, Shelock I, Eulatio MC, Sampaio DP, Badaro R (1998) Studies on control of visceral leishmaniasis: Impact of dog control on canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Jacobina, Bahia, Bra- zil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 59: 53–57.
Ashford RW (1989) New strategies for con- trol forum: reservoir control. Leish- maniasis: the current status and new strategies of control (ed. by DT Hart). Plenum Press. New York, pp. 827–831.
Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri, a Prob- able Vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. J Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100 (1): 63–68.
Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2008) First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus (Larroussius) major (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Iran. J Med Entomol. 45(4): 726–731.
Braga MD, Colho IC, Pompeu MM, Evans TG, MacAulife IT, Teixeira MJ, Lima W (1998) Control of canine visceral leishmaniasis: Comparison of results from a rapid elimination program of serum-reactive dogs using an immu- noenzyme assay and slower elim- ination of serum reactive dogs using filer paper elution indirect immu- noflurescence. Rev Soc Med Trop.31(5): 419–420.
Changfa J, Guanghua X, Yumei H, Zhongwei S (1994) Studies on the effect of deltamethrin bath treatment of hamsters infected with Leishmania donovani for interrupting kala-azar transmission. Chinese J Parasitol Parasitic Dis.12:300–302.
Christopher D (1996) The logic of visceral leishmaniasis control. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 55(2): 125–130.
David A, John R, Miralba F, David R, Sherlocle I, Conceic AO, Sampo DP, Badaro R (1998) Studies on control of visceral leishmaniasis: Impact of dog control on canine and human visceral leishmaniasis in Jacobina, Bahia, Bra- zil. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 59(1): 53–57.
Dietze R, Barors GB, Teixeira L, Harris J, Michelson K, Falqueto A, Corey R (1997) Effect of eliminating seroposi- tive canines on the transmission of vis- ceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Clin In- fect Dis. 25: 1240–1242.
Edrissian GH, Ahanchin AR, Gharachahi A, Ghorbani M, Nadim A, Ardehali S (1993) Seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis and search for animal reservoirs in Fars Province, south- ern Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 18: 99–105.
Gramiccia M, Gradoni L, Grasoni L, Orsini S(1992) Decreased sensitivity to meglumine antimobiate (Glucantime) of Leishmania infantum isolated from dogs after several courses of drug treatment. Ann Trop Med Parasitol.86: 613–620.
Guanghua X, Changfa J, Xinzhong C, Zyhongwei S, Yumei H (1994) Del- tamethrin bath of domestic dog in the prevention of sand fly bite. Endemic Disease Bulletin. 9: 32–34.
Jin CF, He S, HongY, Li G (2004) the effect of sand fly control on the transmission of visceral ishmaniasis. Zhongguo. Ji Sheng Chong Xue.Yuji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi Deci. 6: 338–339.
Killick-Kendrick R, Killick-Kendrick M, Focheux C, Dereure J, Puech MP, Cadiergues MC (1997) Protection of dogs from bites of phlebotomine sand- flies by deltamethrin collars for control of canine leishmaniasis. Med Vet Entomolog. 11: 105–111.
Le Pont F, Padilla J, Desjeux P, Richard A, Mouchet J (1998) Impact of the Spraying of deltamethrin in a focus of leishmaniasis in Bolivia. Am Soc Belg Med Trop. 69(3): 223–232.
Marcelino LN, Silans PD, Dedet JP, Arias JR (1998) Field monitoring of cypermethrin residual effect on the mortality rates of the Phlebotomine sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis in the state of Paraba, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro. 93(3):339–344.
Marcondes C, Nascimento J (1993) Evalua- tion of the effectiveness of deltamethrin (K-Othrin CE) in the control of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psy- chodidae), in the municipality of Santa Rita Paraiba, Brazil. Rev Soc Bros Med Trop. 26(4): 8–15.
Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Nadim A, Hajjaran H, Akhoundi B, Hooshmand B, Zarei Z, Arshi Sh, Mirsamadi N, Manouchehri Naeini K, Mamishi S, Sanati AA, Moshfe AA, Charehdar S, M Fakhar (2006) Application of direct agglutination test (DAT) for the diag- nosis and seroepidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 1(1): 15–25.
Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Hamzavi Y, Mobodi I, Arshi Sh, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Naeini KM, Avizeh R, Fakhar M (2005) Epidemiological as- pects of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Vet Parasitol. 129(3–4): 243–251.
Mohebali M, Parsa B, Motazedian MH, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hajjaran H (2002) Identification of Leishmania species from different parts of Iran using a random amplified polymor- phism DNA in human, animal reser- voirs and vectors. Med J Islamic Re- public Iran. 15: 243–246.
Mohebali M (2013) Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: Review of the Epidemiological and Clinical Features. Iran J Parasitol.8(3): 348–358.
Moshfe A, Mohebali M, Edrissian GH, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Kazemi B, Jamshidi S, Mahmoodi M (2009) Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Asymptomatic infected dogs as a source of Leishmania infantum infection. Acta Tropica. 112(2): 101–105.
Moshfe A, MohebaliM, EdrissianGH, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, Kazemi B, Jamshidi Sh, Mahmoodi M (2008) Seroepi- demiological study on canine visceral Leishmaniasis in Meshkinshahr dis- trict, Ardabil province, northwest of Iran during 2006-2007. Iran J Parasitol.3(3): 1–10.
Nadim A, Javadian E, Tahvildar-Bidruni Gh, Mottaghi M, Abai M (1992) Epidemio- logical aspects of Kala-azar on Meshkin- Shahr, Iran: investigation on vectors. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4): 62–69.
Nadim A, Javadian E, Tahvildar-bidruni Gh, mottaghi M, Abai M (1992) Epidemi- ological aspects of Kala-azar on Meshkin-shahr, Iran: Investigation on vectors. Iran J Public Health. 21(1–4):62–69.
Oshaghi MA, Ravasan NM, Hide M, Javadian EA, Rassi Y, Sadraei J, Mohebali M, Sedaghat MM, Hajjaran H, Zarei Z, Mohtarami F (2009) Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus is circulating both Leishmania donovani and Leish- mania infantum in north west Iran. Exp Parasitol. [Epub ahead of print].
Poli A, Sozzi S, Guidi G, Bandinelli P, Mancianti F (1997) Comparison of aminosidine (paromomycin) and So- dium stibogluconate for treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol. 71:263–271.
Ramezani Awal H, Abai MR, Rassi Y, Mohebali M (2009) Efficacy of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars against sandflies at endemic focus of Bojnord district, North Khorasan Prov- ince. J Horizon Med Sci. 15(1): 20–29.
Rassi Y, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Javadian E, Sanei A, Rafidzadeh S, Arzamani K (2012) First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus kandelakii using molecular methods in north- eastern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 18(4): 387–392.
Rassi Y, Javadian E, Abai MR, Naghian A, Fallah A (2000) Study on the fauna of sand flies in northwest province. Ha- kim Journal. 3(1): 11–18.
Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A (1997) Natu- ral promastigote infection of sandflies and its first strike in S. dentata in Ar- debil Province-north western Iran. Iran J Public Hlth. 6(1–2): 7–12.
Rassi Y, Javadian E, Nadim A, Zahraii A, Vatandoost H, Motazedian MH (2005) The principal and proven vector of vis- ceral leishmaniasis in North-western Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 8(12): 1802–1806.
Reithinger R, Paul G, Alexander B, Paula Vieira E, Gerald A, Davies CR (2004) Are insecticide-impregnated dog col- lars a feasible alternative to dog cull- ing as a strategy for controlling canine visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil? Int J Parasitol. 34(1): 55–62.
Reithinger R1, Teodoro U, Davies CR (2001) Topical insecticide treatments to protect dogs from sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis. Emerg Infect Dis.7(5): 872–876.
Sahabi Z, Seyedi Rashti MA, Nadim A, Javadian E, Kazemeini M, Abai MR (1992) A preliminary study on the nat- ural leptomonad infection of Phle- botomus major in an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Fars Prov- ince, south of Iran. Iran J Public Health. 21: 87–93.
World Health Organization (2014) Diseases and tropics. Available at: http://www. who.int/tdr/diseases-topics/en Access date: May 2014.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 10 No 1 (2016) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Visceral leishmaniasis Flumethrin pour-on Sand fly Control Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
