Effect of Climatic Conditions and Water Bodies on Population Dynamics of the Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
,
Abstract
Background: The population of mosquitoes is mainly influenced by the biotic and abiotic factors. Although Aedes aegypti was reported until 1960’s in the Punjab, Pakistan, the population has increased dramatically since 2009 and caused severe epidemics in 2011 due to heavy floods and rains. Thus, this study was carried out to know the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the population of Aedes aegypti.
Methods: Mosquitoes were collected from fresh, sewage, and rain water ponds, fish ponds, rice fields, tyres, tree holes, and manmade storage containers present in and around residential homes twice during every winter (October–February), summer (March–June) and monsoon season (July–September) from marked rural areas.
Results: More mosquitoes were collected in 2010 and 2011 due to floods than other years with heavy rains. High population (52.4%) was recorded during the rainy season due to high temperature (28–36 °C) and high relative humidity (up to 75%), while low population was recorded during the winter due to low temperature (< 5 °C) and low relative humidity (< 22%). Specimens were recorded indoors when outside temperature was below freezing point. Ae. aegypti was largely collected from tyres and urban areas mostly during the rainy season from small water containers. Years, months, seasons, temperature and relative humidity were statistically significant concerning the population dynamics of mosquitoes.
Conclusion: Abiotic factors (temperature & relative humidity) along with habitat have significant impact on population dynamics of mosquitoes.
Akram W, Lee J (2004) Effect of habitat characteristics on the distribution and behavior of Aedes albopictus. J Vector Ecol. 4: 379–382.
Alto BW, Juliano SA (2001) Temperature and population dynamics of Aedes al- bopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). J Med Entomol. 38: 548–556.
Khawar H (2011) Dengue fever in Pakistasn: time to implement a prevention strat- egy. Newsline Publications (Pvt) Ltd., Karachi, Pakistan. Available at: http:// www.newslinemagazine.com/2011/10/ dengue-fever-in-pakistan-time-to-imple- ment-a-prevention-strategy/.
Anonymous (2011) Government of Pakistan: World Health Organization Disease ear- ly warning system and response in Pa- kistan. Wkly Epidemiol Bull. 2: 19–25.
Anonymous (2014) Punjab Privince. Get- amap.net. Government of the Punjab. Available at: http://www.getamap.net/ maps/pakistan/punjab/_punjab_province/.
Anonymous(2015)Punjab ortal:Geogra-phy.Availableat:http://www.punjab. gov.pk/about_punjab_geography.
Arunchalam N, Tana S, Espino F, Kittaya- pong P, Abeyewickreme W (2010) Eco- bio-social determinants of dengue vec- tor breeding: a multicountry study in urban and peri-urban Asia. Bull World Health Organ.88: 173–183.
Barbazan P, Tuntaprasart W, Souris M, De- moraes F, Nitatpattana N, Boonyuan W, Gonzalez JP (2008) Assessment of a new strategy, based on Aedes aegypti (L.) pupal productivity f or the sur- veillance and control of dengue trans- mission in Thailand. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 102: 161–171.
Barraud PJ (1934) Diptera, Family Culicidae. Tribes Megarhinini and Culicini. The fauna of British India, Including Cey- lon and Burma. Vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London.
Bashar K, Samsuzzaman M, Ullah MS, Iqbal MJH (2005) Surveillance of Dengue vec- tor mosquito in some rural areas of Bang- ladesh. Pak J Biol Sci. 8: 1119–1122.
Chan YC, Saluhuddin NI, Khan J, Jan HC,Seah CL, Li J (1994) Dengue hemor- rhagic fever and out break in Karachi, Pakistan, 1994. Trans R Soc Tro. Med Hyg. 89: 619–620.
Darsi JrRF, Pradhan SP (1990) The mos- quitoes of Nepal: Their identification, distribution and biology. Mosq System.22: 69–130.
Foster WA, Walker ED (2002) Medical and Veterinary Entomology. Academic Press, Elsevier Sciences, New York.
Gadahi JA, Bhutto B, Akhter N, Arijo AG, Laghari ZA, Memon N (2012) Popu- lation diversity of mosquito fauna in and around Tandojam- Pakistan. Int J Agro Vet Med Sci. 6: 290–295.
Gratz NG (2004) Critical review of the vec- tor status of Ae. albopictus. Med Vet Entomol. 18: 215–227.
Haile-Mariam T, Polis MA (2009) Viral Ill- nesses. In: Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM (Eds) Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Prac- tice, 7th ed. Mosby Elsevier, Philadel- phia, pp. 1700–1722. chap. 128.
Harrel N, Amerasinghe FP, Ensink J, Mukhtar M, Hoek WVD, Konradsen F (2011) Breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes in irrigated areas of South Punjab, Paki- stan. Med Vet Entomol. 15: 236–248.
Kay BH, Nam VS (2005) New strategy against Aedes aegypti in Vietnam. Lan- cet. 365: 613–617.
Knudsen AB (1995) Global distribution and continuing spread of Aedes albopictus. Parasitologia. 37: 91–97.
Koenraadt CJM, Githeko AK, Takken W (2004) The effects of rainfall and evap- otranspiration on the temporal dynam- ics of Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anoph- eles arabiensis in a Kenyan village. Acta Trop. 90: 141–153.
Lambdin BH, Schmaedick MA, McClintock S, Roberts J, Gurr NE, Marcos K, Waller L, Burkot TR (2009) Dry sea- son production of filariasis and dengue vectors in American Samoa and com- parison with wet season production. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 81: 1013–1019.
Mohiuddin YN (2007) Pakistan: A Global Studies Hand Book. ABC-CLIO, Cali- fornia.
Ndiaye PI, Bicout D, Mondet B, Sabatier P (2006) Rainfall triggered dynamics of Aedes mosquito aggressiveness. J The- or Biol. 243: 222–229.
Preechaporn W, Jaroensutasinee M, Jaroen- sutasinee K, Saeton J (2007) Seasonal and topographical factors affecting breed- ing sites of Culex larvae in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. Dengue Bull. 30:104–113.
Rathor HR (1996) The role of vectors in emerging and re-emerging diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. East Mediterr Health J. 2: 61–67.
Reisen WK, Milby MM (1986) Population dynamics of some Pakistan mosqui- toes: Changes in adult relative abun- dance over time and space. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 80: 53–68.
Scott TW, Morrison AC (2008) Longitudinal Field Studies Will Guide a Paradigm Shift in Dengue Prevention. In: Lemon SM, Sparling PF, Hamburg MA, Rel- man DA, Choffnes ER, Mack A (Eds) Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections. The National Academies Press, Washington DC, pp.132–149.
Scott TW, Morrison AC, Lorenz LH, Clark GG, Strickman D, Kittayapong P, Zhou H, Edman JD (2000) Longitudinal stud- ies of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Cu- licidae) in Thailand and Puerto Rico: Population dynamics. J Med Entomol.37: 77–88.
Sharma RS, Kaul SM, Sokhay J (2005) Sea- sonal fluctuations of dengue fever vector
Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Delhi, India. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 36: 186–190.
Snow RW, Guerra CA, Noor AM, Myint HY, Hay SI (2005) The global distri- bution of clinical episodes of Plasmo- dium falciparum malaria. Nature. 434:214–217.
Vanwambeke SO, Somboon P, Harbach RE, Isenstadt M, Lambin EF, Walton C, Butlin RK (2007) Landscape and land cover factors influence the presence of Aedes and Anopheles larvae. J Med Entomol. 44: 133–144.
Vaughn DW, Barrett A, Solomon T (2009) Flaviviruses (Yellow Fever, Dengue, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, West Nile Encephalitis, St. Louis Encephalitis, Tick-Borne En- cephalitis). In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (Eds) Principles and Prac- tice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Phila- delphia, pp. 2133–2156. chap. 153.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 11 No 1 (2017) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Population dynamics Climatic conditions Dengue vector Aedes aegypti | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
