Susceptibility Status of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. sergenti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and Deltamethrin in a Focus of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis after Earthquake Strike in Bam, Iran
,
Abstract
Background: The cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been occurred in Dehbakri County, located 46 km of Bam District, Kerman Province since 2004–2005. Phlebotomus papatasi is an important vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmanisis (ZCL) as well as sand fly fever and P. sergenti is considered as main vector of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in Iran. There are several measures for vector control with emphasizing on insecticides. The objective of this study was to determine the baseline susceptibility of leishmaniasis vectors to the DDT and deltamethrin in an endemic focus of CL in southern Iran.
Methods: Baseline susceptibility tests were carried out on field collected strains of P. papatasi and P. sergenti and tested with WHO impregnated papers with DDT 4.0% and deltamethrin 0.05% in the focus of disease in Dehbakri County during summer 2010. The values of LT50 and LT90 were determined using probit analysis and regression lines.
Results: The LT50 value of DDT 4.0% and deltamethrin 0.05% against P. papatasi was 20.6 and 13.6 minutes respectively. The same data for P. sergenti were ranged between 21.8 and 17.7 minutes.
Conclusion: The results of tests will provide a guideline for implementation of vector control using pesticides such as impregnated bed nets, indoor residual spraying and fogging.
Abai MR, Javadian E (1993) Preliminary observation on the susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi (Phlebotomi- nae, Diptera) to DDT and propoxur in Neiriz District, southern I.R.Iran. Pro- ceedings of the 11th Congress of Plant protection, 28 August–2 September 2002, Ghilan University, Rasht. p. 297.
Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J Econ Entomol. 18: 265–267.
Aghasi M, Sharifi I (2003) Survey of the fauna and monthly activity of the sandfly as the vectors of the cutaneous leishmaniasis in the City of Bam. J Kerman Univ Med Sci.10: 85–91.
Alexander B, Maroli M (2003) Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Med Vet En- tomol. 17: 1–18.
Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Asgari Q, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2008) First detection of Leishmania infantum in Phlebotomus (Larroussius) major (Diptera: Psychodidae) from Iran. J Med Entomol. 45: 726–731.
Azizi K, Rassi Y, Javadian E, Motazedian MH, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi Ershadi MR, Mohebali M (2006) Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri: a prob- able vector of Leishmania infantum in Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 100:63–68.
Bansal SK, Singh KV (1996) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi and Sergentomyia punjabaensis (Diptera: Psychodidae) to some insecticides in district Bikaner (Rajasthan). J Commun Dis. 28: 28–32.
Cross ER, Hyams KC (1996) The potential effect of global warming on the geo- graphic and seasonal distribution of Phlebotomus papatasi in Southwest Asia. Environ. Health Perspect. 104:724–727.
Cross ER, Newcomb WW, Tucker CJ (1996) Use of weather data and re- mote sensing to predict the geographic and seasonal distribution of Phleboto- mus papatasi in Southwest Asia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 54: 530–536.
Depaquit J, Grandadam M, Fouque F, Andry PE, Peyrefitte C (2010) Arthro- pod-borne viruses transmitted by Phle- botomine sandflies in Europe: a review. Euro Surveill.15(10): 195–207.
Dergacheva TI, Strekova MV (1986) Sensitiity of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera:Pyschodidae) to DDT in the Mubarek region of the Uzbek SSR. Med Prazit Parazitarnye Bolezni.4: 84–85.
Fahnmy RA, Khater EI, Sawaf BE, Shehata M (1996) Insecticide susceptibility status of field populations of sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. World Health Or- ganization. Unpublished document. WHO/Leish/96.38.
Fazaeli A, Fouladi B, Sharifi I (2009) Emergence of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a border area at south-east of Iran: an epidemiological survey. J Vector- Borne Dis. 46: 36–42.
Finney DJ (1971) Probit Analysis (3rd edi- tion). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Joshi GC, Kaul SM, Wattal BL (1979) Susceptibility of sand flies to organo- chlorine insecticides in Bihar (India). Further reports, J Commun Dis. 11:209–213.
Kaul SM, Wattal BL, Bhatnagar VN,Mathur KK (1978) Preliminary observations on the susceptibility status of Phle- botomus argentipes and Phlebotomus papatasi to DDT in two districts of North Bihar, India. J Com Dis. 10:208–211.
Kaushal K, Singh K, Das RK, Rahman SJ, Sharma SK (1995) Laboratory and field observations on the effectiveness of DDT for the control of the vector sand fly, Phlebotomus argentipes in the kala-azar endemic state of Bihar. WHO/Leish/95.36.
Maroli M, Khoury C (2004) Prevention and control of leishmaniasis vectors: cur- rent approaches. Parassitologia. 46:211–215.
Mehrabi Tavana A (2001) The seroepidemi- ological studies of sand fly fever in Iran during imposed war. Iran J Publ Health. 30: 145–146.
Mohebali M, Javadian E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Hajjaran H, Abaei MR (2004) Characterization of Leish- mania infection in rodents from en- demic areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 10: 591–599.
Moin-Vaziri V, Depaquit J, Yaghoobi-Er- shadi MR, Oshaghi MA, Derakh- shandeh-Peykar P, Ferte H, Kalten- bach M, Bargues MD, Nadim A,Javadian E, Rassi Y, Jafari R (2007) Geographical variation in populations of Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) cau- casicus (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 100: 291–295.
Moin-Vaziri V, Depaquit J, Yaghoobi-Er- shadi MR, Oshaghi MA, Derakh- shandeh- Peykar P, Ferté H, Kalten- bach M, Bargues MD, Léger N, Nadim A (2007) Intraspecific varia- tion within Phlebotomus sergenti Par- rot (1917) (Diptera: Psychodidae) based on mtDNA sequences in Islamic Re- public of Iran. Acta Trop. 102: 29–37.
Mukhopadhyay AK, Axena NBL, Narasim- ham MVV (1992) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus argentipes to DDT in some kala azar endemic districts of Bihar, India. WHO/CTD/VBC/92.995, WHO/Leish/92.31, p. 1–6.
Noazin S, Farrokh Modabber F, Khamesi- pour A, Smith PG, Moulton LH, Nas- seri K, Sharifi I, Khalil H, Velez Ber- nali ID, Antunesj CMF, Kieny MP, Tanner M (2008) First generation leish- maniasis vaccines: A review of field efficacy trials. Vaccine. 26: 6759–6767.
Noazin S, Khamesipour A, Moulton LH, Tannerd M, Nasserie K, Modabberb F, Sharifig I, Khalil H, Velez Bernali ID, Antunesj CMF, Smith PG (2009) Efficacy of killed whole-parasite vac- cines in the prevention of leishmani- asis, A meta-analysis. Vaccine 27:4747–4753.
Pener H, Wilamovsky A (1987) Basline suceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to insecticides. Med Vet Entomol. 1:147–149.
Pouresmailian S, Sharifi I, Mirzai M, Zarean M, Hakimi Parizi M (2010) Occur- rence of new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in northern part of Jirof City, Kerman Province, Iran. 7th national and 2nd Regional Congress of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases in Iran, 6–9
November 2010, Tehran, Iran. Qutubuddin Q (1964) Preliminary note on the susceptibility of Phlebotomus to insecticides. Sudan Medical Journal.3: 11–15.
Rahman SJ, Wattal BL, Mathur KK, Joshi GC, Kumar K (1982) Susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) to or- ganochlorine insecticides. J Com Dis.14: 122–124.
Rashti MA, Panah HY, Mohamadi HS, Jedari M (1992) Susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psy- chodidae) to DDT in some foci of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 8: 99–100.
Rassi Y, Jalali M, Vatandoost H (2000) Susceptibility status of Phlebotomus papatasi to DDT in Arsanjan County (The new focus of cutaneous leishma- niasis ) in Fars province, Iran. Iran J Publ Hlth 29: 21–26.
Rassi Y, Javadian E, Jalali M, Motazedian MH, Vatandoost H (2004) Investiga- tion on Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishma- niasis, southern Iran. Iran J Publ Health. 33: 31–35.
Rassi Y, Gassemi MM, Javadian E, Rafi- zadeh S, Motazedian H, Vatandoost H (2007) Vectors and reservoirs of cu- taneous leishmaniasis in Marvdasht district, southern Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 3: 686–693.
Rassi Y, Javadian E, Amini M, Rafizadeh S,Vatandoost H and Motazedian MH (2006) Meriones libycus is the Main reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leish- maniasis in south Islamic Republic Iran, East Mediterr Health J. 12: 474–477
Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Mohammadi Azani S, Abaie MR, Rafizadeh S Mohebai M Mohtarami F, Zeinali MK (2011) Molecular detection of Leishmania in- fection due to Leishmania major and Leishmania turanica in the vectors and reservoir host in Iran. Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases.11: 145–150
Saidi S, Tesh R, Javadian E, Sahabi Z, Nadim A (1997) Studies on the epi- demiology of sand fly fever in Iran. II. The prevalence of human and animal infection with five phlebotomus fever virus serotypes in Isfahan province. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 26: 288–293.
Schmidt ML, Schmidt JR (1969) Insecticide susceptibilities of Phlebotomus pa- patasi (Scopoli) From Yet and the Sudan. J Med Entomol. 6: 87–90.
Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1974) At- tempts to control zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Isfahan area, Iran. Iran J Publ Health. 2: 199–203.
Sharifi I, Fekri AR, Aflatoonian MR, Khamesipour A, Mahboudi F, Dowlati Y, Nadim A, Modabber F (2010) Leishmaniasis recidivans among school children in Bam, South-east Iran,1994–2006. Int J Dermatol. 49:557–561.
Sharifi I , Pouresmailian S, Aflatonian MR, Hakimi Parizi M, Fekri AR, Khamesi- pour A (2010) Occurrence of new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leish- maniasis (ACL) in Bam and its suburbs after earthquake. 7th National and 2nd Regional Congress of Para- sitology and Parasitic Diseases in Iran.6–9 November 2010, Tehran, Iran.
Sharifi I, Pursmaelian S, Aflatoonian MR,Fotouhi Ardakani R, Hakimi Parizi M,Mirzaei M, Fekri AR, Fasihi Harandi M, Khamesipour A (2011) Emergence of a new focus of anthroponotic cuta- neous leishmaniasis due to Leishma- nia tropica in rural communities of Bam district after the earthquake, Iran. Trop Med Int Health. (in Press)
Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis.45: 255–272.
Singh KV, Bansal SK (1996) Insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus papatasi to organochlorine, organophosphate and carbamate compounds in some arid areas of western Rajasthan. Indian J Med Res. 103: 91–93.
Tesh R, Saidi S, Javadian E, Nadim A (1977) Studies on the Epidemiology of Sand fly Fever in Iran. I. Virus Iso- lates Obtained from Phlebotomus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 26: 282–287
Unpublished data (2010) Leishmaniasis Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences.
Verani P, Nicoletti L, Ciufolini MG, Balducci M (1991) Viruses transmit- ted by sand flies in Italy. Parassito- logia. 33(Suppl): 513–518.
World Health Organization (1986) Resis- tance of vectors and reservoirs of dis- ease to pesticides. 10th report of the WHO Expert committee. Vector Biol- ogy and Control. Tech Rep Ser, 737.
World Health Organization (1981) Instruc- tions for determining the susceptibility or resistance of blackflies, sand flies and biting midges to insecticides. WHO/VBC/81.810, p.1–6.
World Health Organization (2007) Leish- maniasis.http://www.who.int/leishman iasis/en/.Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1995) Susceptibility status of Phelebotomus papatsi to DDT in the most important focus of zoonotic cutaneous leish- maniasis, Isfahan Province, Iran. Iran J Publ Health. 24: 18–24.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Abai MR, Ebrahimi B, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Vafaei-Nezhad R, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Jafari R (2004) Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leishma- niasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 10: 688–694.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zah- raei-Ramazani AR, Jalali-Zand AR,Piazak N (2005) Bionomics of Phle- botomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodi- dae) in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. J Vector Ecol. 30: 115–118.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Zah- raei-Ramazani AR, Javadian E, Mota- valli-Emami M (2000) Field trial for the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis in Badrood, Iran. Ann Saudi Med. 20: 386–389.Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA (1999)
Entomological survey of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in a new focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran. Acta Trop. 15(73): 321–326.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akhavan AA, Zahrai-Ramazani AR, Mohebali M (2001) Epidemiological study in a new focus of cutaneous leish- maniosis due to Leishmania major in Ardestan town, central Iran. Acta Trop.79: 115–121.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Javadian E, Jafari R, Zahraei-Rama- zani AR, Mohebali M (2002) A new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica. Saudi Med J.23: 291–294.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jafari R, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2004) A new epidemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in cen- tral Iran. Ann Saudi Med. 24: 98–101.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Kannani A (1995) Host preference pattern of phlebotomine sand flies of Borkhar ru- ral district, Isfahan province, Iran. Acta Trop. 60: 155–158.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Tahvil- dare-Bidruni GH (1995) Leishmania major MON-26 isolated from natu- rally infected Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Isfahan Pro- vince, Iran. Acta Trop. 59: 279–282.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E, Tahvil- dare-Bidruni GH (1994) The isolation of Leishmania major from Phleboto- mus (Paraphlebotomus) caucasicus, in Isfahan province, Islamic Republic of Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 88:518–519.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1995) Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis to the north of Isfahan. Human infection in 1991. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 88: 42–45. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996)
Epidemiological study of reservoir hosts in an endemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Bull WHO. 74: 587–590.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Seasonal variation of Leishmania major infection rates in sand flies from rodent burrows in Isfahan province, Iran. Med Vet Entomol. 10: 181–184.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1997) Studies on sand flies in a hyperen- demic area of zoonotic cutaneous leish- maniasis in Iran. Indian J Med Res.105: 61–66.
Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Jalai-Zand AR, Akhavan AA, Arandain MH, et al. (2006) Evaluation of deltamethrin- impregnated bed nets and curtains for control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmani- asis in a hyperendemic area of Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 99: 43–48.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 5 No 2 (2011) | |
| Section | Articles | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phlebotomus papatasi Phlebotomus sergenti insecticides susceptibility Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
