A Comparative Study of Energy Contents in Mosquito Vectors of Malaria and Dengue Prevailing in Jodhpur City (Thar Desert) of Rajasthan State, India
,
Abstract
Background: Transmission of malaria and dengue in the desert part of India is mainly caused by Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti respectively. The maintenance and transmission of the pathogens that cause malaria and dengue are dependent on the physiology of the mosquito vectors. We aimed to measure the energy contents in the mosquitoes transmitting malaria and dengue in the desert part of the country.
Methods: Immature stages of mosquitoes were collected from six different larval habitats situated in Jodhpur City of Rajasthan state, India. The immature stages of both the mosquitoes were collected once in fortnightly from each location. Quantitative estimations of the lipid, glucose, and glycogen of the laboratory-reared and field collected An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti were made by spectrophotometric method. The energy contents of the larvae, pupae, females, and males were estimated in triplicates on six different occasions.
Results: The lipid content of laboratory-reared larvae, pupae and female mosquitoes of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti was found to be lower than their conspecific field-collected specimens. Whereas, the glycogen content in the laboratory-reared larvae, pupae and female mosquitoes of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti was higher than that of their conspecific field-collected specimens. The glucose content in all the stages of the laboratory-reared An. stephensi was lower than their conspecific field-collected specimens except in few cases.
Conclusion: The higher amount of lipid in field-collected mosquitoes may be because of the availability of food in the natural habitat and adaptation of mosquitoes. Mosquitoes living in desert climate are physiologically better equipped to survive in the desert environment.
Sharma G, Kapoor H, Chopra M, Kumar K, Agrawal V (2014) Strong larvicidal potential of Artemisia annua leaf ex-tract against malaria (Anopheles stephensi Lis¬ton) and dengue (Aedes aegypti L.) vec¬tors and bioassay-driven isolation of the marker compounds. Parasitol Res. 113: 197–209.
Tyagi BK (2004) A review of the emer¬gence of Plasmodium falciparum dom¬inated malaria in irrigated areas of the Thar De¬sert India. Acta Trop. 89: 227–239.
Tyagi BK, Chaudhary RC, Yadav SP (1995) Epidemic malaria in Thar de¬sert, In-dia. Lancet. 346: 634–635.
Brown JE, Evans BR, Zheng W, Obas V, Barrera-Martinez L, Egizi A, Zhao H, Caccone A, Powell JR (2014) Hu¬man impacts have shaped historical and re-cent evolution in Aedes aegypti, the den¬gue and yellow fever mosquito. Evolution. 68(2): 514–525.
Gloria-Soria A, Ayala D, Bheecarry A, Cal¬deron-Arguedas O, Chadee DD, Chiappero M, Coetzee M, Elahee KB, Fernandez-Salas I, Kamal HA, Kam-gang B, Khater EI, Kramer LD, Kra-mer V, Lopez-Solis A, Lutomiah J, Martins A Jr, Micieli MV, Paupy C, Ponlawat A, Rahola N, Rasheed SB, Richardson JB, Saleh AA, Sanchez-Casas RM, Seixas G, Sousa CA, Tabachnick WJ, Troyo A, Powell JR (2016) Global genetic Diver¬sity of Ae-des aegypti. Mole Ecol. 25(21): 5377–5395.
Brathwaite DO, San Martı´n JL, Montoya RH, delDiego J, Zambrano B, Dayan GH (2012) The History of Dengue Out¬breaks in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 87(4): 584–593.
Kalra NL, Kaul SM, Rastogi RM (1997) Prevalence of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus-vectors of dengue and den-gue haemorrhagic fever in north, north-east and central India. Dengue Bulletin. 21: 84–92.
Tyagi BK, Hiriyan J (2004) Breeding of Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti (Linnae-us) in Rural Thar Desert, North-western Ra¬jasthan, India. Dengue Bul-letin. 28: 220–222.
Chouhan GS, Rodrigues FM, Shaikh BH, Ilkal MA, Khangaro SS, Mathur KN, Joshi KR, Vaidhye NK (1990) Clinical and virological study of dengue fever outbreak in Jalore City, Rajasthan 1985. Indian J Med Res. 91: 414–418.
Ghosh SN, Shaikh BH (1974) Investiga-tions on the outbreak of dengue fever in Ajmer City, Rajasthan state in 1969. Part-II: Results of serological tests. Indian J Med Res. 62: 523–533.
Macdonald G (1957) The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria. Oxford Uni-versity Press, London.
Banerjee S, Mohan S, Saha N, Mohanty SP, Goutam K, Saha GK, Aditya G (2015) Pupal productivity and nutrient re-serves of Aedes mosquitoes breeding in sewage drains and other habitats of Kol¬kata, India: implications for habi-tat expansion and vector management. In-di¬an J Med Res. 142(Supplement): 87–94.
Nayar JK, Van Handel E (1971) The fuel for sustained mosquito flight. J Insect Physiol. 17: 471–481.
Clements AN (1992) The biology of mos¬quitoes. Vol I, Development, Nu-trition and Reproduction, Champman and Hall, London.
Suwanchaichinda C, Paskewitz SM (1998) Effects of larval nutrition, dult body size, and adult temperature on the ability of Anopheles gambiae (Dip-tera: Culicidae) to melanise Sephadex beads. J Med En¬tomol. 35: 157–161.
Koella JC, Sorensen FL (2002) Effect of adult nutrition on the melanization im-mune response of Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Med Vet Ento-mol. 16: 1–5.
Grimstad PR, Haramis LD (1984) Aedes triseriatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and La Crosse virus. III. Enhanced oral trans-mission by nutrition-deprived mosqui-toes. J Med Entomol. 21: 249–256.
Nasci RS, Mitchell CJ (1994) Larval di-et,
adult size, and susceptibility of Ae¬des ae¬gypti (Diptera, Culicidae) to in-fection with Ross River virus. J Med Entomol. 31: 123–126.
Naksathit AT, Edman JD, Scott TW (1999) Amounts of glycogen, lipid, and sugar in adult female Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) fed sucrose. J Med Entomol. 36: 8–12.
Costero AJD, Edman JD, Clark GG, Scott TW (1999) Survival of starved Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Puert Rico and Thailand. J Med Ento¬mol. 35: 809–813.
Service MW (1993) Mosquito Ecology Field Sampling Methods. Elsevier Ap-plied Science, New York.
Yadav S, Singh SP, Mittal PK (2013) Tox¬icity of Thevetiaperuviana (yellow oleander) against larvae of Anopheles ste¬phensi and Aedes aegypti vectors of ma¬laria and dengue. J Entomol Zool Stud. 1)6(: 85–87.
Christophers SR (1933) The fauna of Brit¬ish India: Diptera. Vol. IV. Taylor and Francis, London.
Barraud PJ (1934) The Fauna of British India: Diptera. Vol. V. Taylor and Fran¬cis, London.
Belkin JN (1962) The Mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). Vol. 1. University of California Press, Los Angeles
Reuben R, Tewari SC, Hiriyan J, Aki-yama J (1994) Illustrated keys to spe¬cies of Culex associated with Japanese en-ceph¬alitis in Southeast Asia (Dip¬tera: Cu¬licidae). Mosquito Systematics. 26(2): 75–96.
Rattanarithikul R, Harbach RE, Harrison BA, Panthusiri P, Jones JW, Coleman RE (2005) Illustrated keys to the mos¬qui¬toes of Thailand. II. Genera Culex and Lutzia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 36: 1–97.
Kaufmann C, Brown MR (2008) Regula-tion of carbohydrate metabolism and flight performance by a hypertreha-losae¬mic hormone in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae. J Insect Physiol. 54(2): 367–377.
Day JF, Van Handel E (1986) Differ-ences between the nutritional reserves of labor¬atory-maintained and field-col¬lect¬ed adult mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Cont As-soc. 2: 154–157.
Mohan S, Banerjee S, Pramanik S, Banerjee S, Saha Gk, Aditya G (2017) Comparative Account Of Energy Re-serves In Four Co-Occurring Mosquito Species In Kolkata, India (Diptera: Cu-licidae). Polish J Entomol. 86: 49–67.
Rivero A, Ferguson HM (2003) The en-ergetic budget of Anopheles stephensi infected with Plasmodium chabaudi is energy depletion a mechanism for vir-ulence., Proceedings of Royal Society of London B. 270: 1365–1371.
Huho BJ, Ng'habi KR, Killeen GF, Nkwen-gulila G, Knols BGJ, Ferguson HM (2007) Nature beats nurture: a case study of the physiological fitness of free-living and lab oratory-reared male Anopheles gambiaes.l. J Exp Biol. 210: 2939–2947.
Takken W, Smallegange RC, Vigneau AJ, Johnston V, Brown M, Mordue-Luntz AJ, Billingsley PF (2013) Larval nutri-tion differentially affects adult fitness and Plasmodium development in the ma-laria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles stephensi. Parasit Vectors. 6: 345.
Briegel H (2003) Physiological bases of mosquito ecology. J Vector Ecol. 28(1): 1–11.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 12 No 3 (2018) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v12i3.80 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Aedes aegypti Anopheles stephensi Glucose Glycogen Lipid | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
|
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
