Molecular Detection of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus, A Potential Reservoir of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Damghan, Iran
,
Abstract
Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major is endemic in 17 of 31 Iranian provinces. Various species of rodents have been introduced as the main reservoirs of the disease. This study was conducted to determine the natural infection of hedgehogs with Leishmania spp. in an endemic area of the disease, northern Iran.
Methods: Fifteen long-eared hedgehogs were captured alive during 18 months study period, from Apr 2015 to Sep 2016, in Damghan City, Semnan Province, Iran. The animals were identified using apparent characteristics and to determine the Leishmania infection, impression smears were prepared from their ear lobes, hind feet, livers, and spleens. Microscopic examination and semi-nested PCR were applied to determine the infection and to identify the parasites species respectively.
Results: All examined animals were identified as Hemiechinus auritus (Family: Erinaceidae). In microscopic examination, 8 (53.3%) samples were shown to be infected with Leishmania parasites. The higher and lower rate of the infection was observed in the ears as well as the feet and in the liver specimens, 53.3%, and 33.3% respectively. Forty percent (6/ 15) of the samples were molecularly positive and all were identified as L. major parasites. All the examined animals in autumn and 50% of them in summer were shown to be infected with Leishmania parasites.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated the natural infection of H. auritus with L. major for the first time in Damghan City and introduced these mammals as new potential reservoirs of ZCL in the study area.
1. Ashford RW (2000) The leishmaniasis as emerging and reemerging zoonoses. Int J Parasitol. 30: 1269–1281.
2. Desjeux P (2001) The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 95: 239–243.
3. WHO Expert Committee (2010) Control of the leishmaniasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. (949): xii–xiii, 1-186, back cover.
4. Akhoundi M, Kuhls K, Cannet A, Votypka J, Marty P, Delaunay P, Sereno D (2016) A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10: e0004349.
5. Ready PD (2013) Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Annu Rev. Entomol. 58: 227–250.
6. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, Den Boer M (2012) Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence. PLoS One. 7(5): e35671.
7. World Health Organization (2002) Urbani-zation: an increasing risk factor for leishmaniasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 77(44): 365–370.
8. Desjeux P (2004) Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 27(5): 305–318.
9. Motazedian H, Noamanpoor B, Ardehali S (2002) Characterization of Leishmania parasites isolated from provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 8(2/3): 338–344.
10. Khazaei S, Mohammadian Hafshejani A, Saatchi S, Salehiniya H, Nematollahi S (2015) Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 10: e28511.
11. Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M (2017) Natural infection of Nesokia indica with Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum parasites in Damghan City, Northern Iran. Acta Trop. 170: 134–139.
12. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Epidemiological study of reservoir hosts in an endemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Bull World Health Org. 74: 587–890.
13. Akhavan AA, Veysi A, Arandian MH, Vatandoost H, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Hosseini M, Abdoli H, Heidari K, Sadjadi A, Fadaei R, Ramazanpour J, Aminian K, Shirzadi MR, Jafari R (2014) Field evaluation of phostoxin and zinc phosphide for the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area, central Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 51: 307–312.
14. Kassiri H, Naddaf SR, Javadian E, Mohebali M (2013) First Report on Isolation and Characterization of Leishmania major from Meriones hurrianae (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) of A Rural Cutaneous leishmaniasis Focus in South-Eastern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Me Journal. 15: 789–793.
15. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M (2008) Rodent infection with Leishmania in a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 102: 127–133.
16. Motazedian M H, Parhizkari M, Mehrabani D, Hatam G, Asgari Q (2010) First detection of Leishmania major in Rattus norvegicus from Fars Province, Southern Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10: 969–975.
17. Parhizkari M, Motazedian MH, Asqari Q, Mehrabani D (2011) The PCR-based detection of Leishmania major in Mus musculus and other rodents caught in southern Iran: a guide to sample selection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 105: 319–323.
18. Mohammadi-Azni S, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MR, Mohebali M, Abai MR, Hajjaran H (2012) Infection of Rhombomys opimus due to Leishmania major at zoonotic cutaneous leihmaniasis focus in Damghan District. Iran. J Infect Dis Trop Med. 17: 53–57.
19. Davami MH, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I, Sotoodeh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, Pourahmad M (2014) Molecular survey on detection of Leishmania infection in rodent reservoirs in Jahrom District, southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8: 139–146.
20. Hamad I, Forestier C, Peeters M, Delaporte E, Raoult D, Bittar F (2015) Wild gorillas as a potential reservoir of Leishmania major. J Infect Dis. 211: 267–273.
21. Rouhani S, Mirzaei A, Spotin A, Parvizi P (2014) Novel identification of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus and molecular detection of this parasite in Meriones libycus from an important foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Infect Public Health. 7: 210–217.
22. Munoz-Madrid R, Belinchon-Lorenzo S, Iniesta V, Fernandez-Cotrina J, Parejo JC, Serrano FJ, Monroy I, Baz V, Gomez-Luque A, Gomez-Nieto LC (2013) First detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA in hair of wild mammals: application of qPCR method to determine potential parasite reservoirs. Acta Trop. 128: 706–709.
23. Tomas-Perez M, Khaldi M, Riera C, Mozo-Leon D, Ribas A, Hide M, Barech G, Benyettou M, Seghiri K, Doudou S, Fisa R (2014) First report of natural infection in hedgehogs with Leishmania major, a possible reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria. Acta Trop. 135: 44–49.
24. Chemkhi J, Souguir H, Bel Hadj Ali I, Driss M, Guizani I, Guerbou JS (2015) Natural infection of Algerian hedgehog, Atelerix algirus (Lereboullet 1842) with Leishmania parasites in Tunisia. Acta Trop. 150: 42–51.
25. Veysi A, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jafari R, Arandian MH, Hosseini M, Fadaei R, Ramazanpour J, Heidari K, Sadjadi A, Shirzadi MR, Akhavan AA (2014) Rodenticide comparative effect of Klerat® and Zinc Phosphide for controlling zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 307–312.
26. Nematollahi A, Ashrafi Helan J, Go-lezardy H, Zaboli N, Nouruzi M, Azari M (2014) Parasitic fauna of East European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Concolor) and their pathological aspects in Iran. Advances in Zoology and Botany. 2: 1–5.
27. Naem S, Pourreza B, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T (2015) The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), as a reservoir for helminth parasites in Iran. Vet Res Forum. 6: 149–153.
28. Eabaid FA, Mallah MO (2017) A prevalence Study of ectoparasites on the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) in AL-Muthanna Province-Iraq. AL-Qadisiyah J Vet Med Sci. 16(1): 55–59.
29. Mohammadi-Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi AA, Sanei Dehkordi AR (2010) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan. Journal Mil Med. 12: 131–135.
30. Mohammadi-Azni S, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Yaghoobi-Ershdi MR, Mohebali M, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Nokandeh Z, Rafizadeh S, Khojami GhM (2011) Determination of parasite species of cutaneous leishmaniasis using Nested PCR in Damghan-Iran, during 2008. Gorgan J Univ Med Sci. 13(1): 61.
31. Khosravi H, Hanifipour M, Sohrabi T (2016) The effect of intensity and duration of drought on wind situation and wind erosion (case study: Damghan City, Iran). J Biodivers Environ Sci. 8: 124–132.
32. Ashtiani GH, Mahdavi M, Malekian A, Motamedvaziri B (2016) Groundwater modeling for estimation of the recharge rate and identification of appropriate recharge sites in Damghan Plain, Iran. Caspian J Environ Sci. 14: 139–153.
33. Hutterer R, Wilson DE, Reeder DM (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
Johns Hopkins University Press. USA.
34. Oshaghi MA, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Ab-bassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan AR, Rahimi-Foroshani A, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Mohtarami F (2008) Detection of Leishmania major in naturally infected sandflies using semi-nested PCR. Iran J Publ Health. 37(4): 59–64.
35. Rassi Y, Sofizadeh A, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Rafizadeh S, Mohebali M, Mohtarami F, Salahi R (2008) Molecular detection of Leishmania major in the vec-tors and reservoir host of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Goles-tan Province, Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2(2): 21–27.
36. Aransay AM, Scoulica F, Tselentis Y (2000) Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally infected sand flies by seminested PCR on minicircle kinetoplastic. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66: 1933–1938.
37. Karami M, Hutterer R, Benda P, Siahsarvie R, Krystufek B (2008) Annotated check-list of the mammals of Iran. Lynx (Praha). 39: 63–102.
38. Mohammadi S, Farahi M, Ganjali M, Koohkan S (2011) Roadkill Mortality of Long-Eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus from Zabol, SE Iran. Europ J Biol Sci. 3: 99–101.
39. Hosni MM, El Maghrbi AA (2014) Ectoparasites infestation of free-ranging hedgehog (Etelerix algirus) in north western Libya. Open Vet J. 4: 12–15.
40. Oliveira FS, Pirmez C, Pires MQ, Brazil RP, Pacheco RS (2005) PCR-based diagnosis for detection of Leishmania in skin and blood of rodents from an en-demic area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 129: 219–227.
41. Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Alimoradi S, Abai MR, Edrissian GH (2009) Isolation and characterization of pathogenic Leishmania turanica from Nesokia indi-ca (Rodentia, Muridae) by PCR-RFLP and ITS1 sequencing in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 103: 1177–1179.
42. Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mirhendi H, Alimohammadian MH, Rassi Y, Shareghi N, Jafari R, Arandian MH, Abdoli H, Ghanei M, Jalali-Zand N, Khamesipour A (2010) Molecular epizootiology of rodent leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area of Iran. Iran J Publ Health. 39: 1–7.
43. Stone RD (1995) Eurasian Insectivores and Tree Shrews-Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
44. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Akhavan AA, Aghasi M, Arandian MH, Ranjbar AA (2010) Sand fly surveillance within an emerging epidemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4: 17–23.
45. Roque AL, Jansen AM (2014) Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wild L. 3: 251–262.
2. Desjeux P (2001) The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 95: 239–243.
3. WHO Expert Committee (2010) Control of the leishmaniasis. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. (949): xii–xiii, 1-186, back cover.
4. Akhoundi M, Kuhls K, Cannet A, Votypka J, Marty P, Delaunay P, Sereno D (2016) A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 10: e0004349.
5. Ready PD (2013) Biology of phlebotomine sand flies as vectors of disease agents. Annu Rev. Entomol. 58: 227–250.
6. Alvar J, Vélez ID, Bern C, Herrero M, Desjeux P, Cano J, Jannin J, Den Boer M (2012) Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence. PLoS One. 7(5): e35671.
7. World Health Organization (2002) Urbani-zation: an increasing risk factor for leishmaniasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 77(44): 365–370.
8. Desjeux P (2004) Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 27(5): 305–318.
9. Motazedian H, Noamanpoor B, Ardehali S (2002) Characterization of Leishmania parasites isolated from provinces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 8(2/3): 338–344.
10. Khazaei S, Mohammadian Hafshejani A, Saatchi S, Salehiniya H, Nematollahi S (2015) Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis. 10: e28511.
11. Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M (2017) Natural infection of Nesokia indica with Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum parasites in Damghan City, Northern Iran. Acta Trop. 170: 134–139.
12. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Javadian E (1996) Epidemiological study of reservoir hosts in an endemic area of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Bull World Health Org. 74: 587–890.
13. Akhavan AA, Veysi A, Arandian MH, Vatandoost H, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Hosseini M, Abdoli H, Heidari K, Sadjadi A, Fadaei R, Ramazanpour J, Aminian K, Shirzadi MR, Jafari R (2014) Field evaluation of phostoxin and zinc phosphide for the control of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area, central Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 51: 307–312.
14. Kassiri H, Naddaf SR, Javadian E, Mohebali M (2013) First Report on Isolation and Characterization of Leishmania major from Meriones hurrianae (Rodentia: Gerbillidae) of A Rural Cutaneous leishmaniasis Focus in South-Eastern Iran. Iran Red Crescent Me Journal. 15: 789–793.
15. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M (2008) Rodent infection with Leishmania in a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 102: 127–133.
16. Motazedian M H, Parhizkari M, Mehrabani D, Hatam G, Asgari Q (2010) First detection of Leishmania major in Rattus norvegicus from Fars Province, Southern Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 10: 969–975.
17. Parhizkari M, Motazedian MH, Asqari Q, Mehrabani D (2011) The PCR-based detection of Leishmania major in Mus musculus and other rodents caught in southern Iran: a guide to sample selection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 105: 319–323.
18. Mohammadi-Azni S, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MR, Mohebali M, Abai MR, Hajjaran H (2012) Infection of Rhombomys opimus due to Leishmania major at zoonotic cutaneous leihmaniasis focus in Damghan District. Iran. J Infect Dis Trop Med. 17: 53–57.
19. Davami MH, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M, Asgari Q, Mohammadpour I, Sotoodeh-Jahromi A, Solhjoo K, Pourahmad M (2014) Molecular survey on detection of Leishmania infection in rodent reservoirs in Jahrom District, southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8: 139–146.
20. Hamad I, Forestier C, Peeters M, Delaporte E, Raoult D, Bittar F (2015) Wild gorillas as a potential reservoir of Leishmania major. J Infect Dis. 211: 267–273.
21. Rouhani S, Mirzaei A, Spotin A, Parvizi P (2014) Novel identification of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus and molecular detection of this parasite in Meriones libycus from an important foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. J Infect Public Health. 7: 210–217.
22. Munoz-Madrid R, Belinchon-Lorenzo S, Iniesta V, Fernandez-Cotrina J, Parejo JC, Serrano FJ, Monroy I, Baz V, Gomez-Luque A, Gomez-Nieto LC (2013) First detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA in hair of wild mammals: application of qPCR method to determine potential parasite reservoirs. Acta Trop. 128: 706–709.
23. Tomas-Perez M, Khaldi M, Riera C, Mozo-Leon D, Ribas A, Hide M, Barech G, Benyettou M, Seghiri K, Doudou S, Fisa R (2014) First report of natural infection in hedgehogs with Leishmania major, a possible reservoir of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Algeria. Acta Trop. 135: 44–49.
24. Chemkhi J, Souguir H, Bel Hadj Ali I, Driss M, Guizani I, Guerbou JS (2015) Natural infection of Algerian hedgehog, Atelerix algirus (Lereboullet 1842) with Leishmania parasites in Tunisia. Acta Trop. 150: 42–51.
25. Veysi A, Vatandoost H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Jafari R, Arandian MH, Hosseini M, Fadaei R, Ramazanpour J, Heidari K, Sadjadi A, Shirzadi MR, Akhavan AA (2014) Rodenticide comparative effect of Klerat® and Zinc Phosphide for controlling zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in central Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 307–312.
26. Nematollahi A, Ashrafi Helan J, Go-lezardy H, Zaboli N, Nouruzi M, Azari M (2014) Parasitic fauna of East European Hedgehog (Erinaceus Concolor) and their pathological aspects in Iran. Advances in Zoology and Botany. 2: 1–5.
27. Naem S, Pourreza B, Gorgani-Firouzjaee T (2015) The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus), as a reservoir for helminth parasites in Iran. Vet Res Forum. 6: 149–153.
28. Eabaid FA, Mallah MO (2017) A prevalence Study of ectoparasites on the long-eared hedgehog (Hemiechinus auritus) in AL-Muthanna Province-Iraq. AL-Qadisiyah J Vet Med Sci. 16(1): 55–59.
29. Mohammadi-Azni S, Nokandeh Z, Khorsandi AA, Sanei Dehkordi AR (2010) Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan. Journal Mil Med. 12: 131–135.
30. Mohammadi-Azni S, Rassi Y, Oshaghi MA, Yaghoobi-Ershdi MR, Mohebali M, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Nokandeh Z, Rafizadeh S, Khojami GhM (2011) Determination of parasite species of cutaneous leishmaniasis using Nested PCR in Damghan-Iran, during 2008. Gorgan J Univ Med Sci. 13(1): 61.
31. Khosravi H, Hanifipour M, Sohrabi T (2016) The effect of intensity and duration of drought on wind situation and wind erosion (case study: Damghan City, Iran). J Biodivers Environ Sci. 8: 124–132.
32. Ashtiani GH, Mahdavi M, Malekian A, Motamedvaziri B (2016) Groundwater modeling for estimation of the recharge rate and identification of appropriate recharge sites in Damghan Plain, Iran. Caspian J Environ Sci. 14: 139–153.
33. Hutterer R, Wilson DE, Reeder DM (2005) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
Johns Hopkins University Press. USA.
34. Oshaghi MA, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Ab-bassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan AR, Rahimi-Foroshani A, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Rassi Y, Mohtarami F (2008) Detection of Leishmania major in naturally infected sandflies using semi-nested PCR. Iran J Publ Health. 37(4): 59–64.
35. Rassi Y, Sofizadeh A, Abai MR, Oshaghi MA, Rafizadeh S, Mohebali M, Mohtarami F, Salahi R (2008) Molecular detection of Leishmania major in the vec-tors and reservoir host of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kalaleh District, Goles-tan Province, Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2(2): 21–27.
36. Aransay AM, Scoulica F, Tselentis Y (2000) Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally infected sand flies by seminested PCR on minicircle kinetoplastic. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66: 1933–1938.
37. Karami M, Hutterer R, Benda P, Siahsarvie R, Krystufek B (2008) Annotated check-list of the mammals of Iran. Lynx (Praha). 39: 63–102.
38. Mohammadi S, Farahi M, Ganjali M, Koohkan S (2011) Roadkill Mortality of Long-Eared Hedgehog Hemiechinus auritus from Zabol, SE Iran. Europ J Biol Sci. 3: 99–101.
39. Hosni MM, El Maghrbi AA (2014) Ectoparasites infestation of free-ranging hedgehog (Etelerix algirus) in north western Libya. Open Vet J. 4: 12–15.
40. Oliveira FS, Pirmez C, Pires MQ, Brazil RP, Pacheco RS (2005) PCR-based diagnosis for detection of Leishmania in skin and blood of rodents from an en-demic area of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil. Vet Parasitol. 129: 219–227.
41. Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Alimoradi S, Abai MR, Edrissian GH (2009) Isolation and characterization of pathogenic Leishmania turanica from Nesokia indi-ca (Rodentia, Muridae) by PCR-RFLP and ITS1 sequencing in Iran. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 103: 1177–1179.
42. Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Mirhendi H, Alimohammadian MH, Rassi Y, Shareghi N, Jafari R, Arandian MH, Abdoli H, Ghanei M, Jalali-Zand N, Khamesipour A (2010) Molecular epizootiology of rodent leishmaniasis in a hyperendemic area of Iran. Iran J Publ Health. 39: 1–7.
43. Stone RD (1995) Eurasian Insectivores and Tree Shrews-Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
44. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Akhavan AA, Aghasi M, Arandian MH, Ranjbar AA (2010) Sand fly surveillance within an emerging epidemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in southeastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4: 17–23.
45. Roque AL, Jansen AM (2014) Wild and synanthropic reservoirs of Leishmania species in the Americas. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wild L. 3: 251–262.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 13 No 3 (2019) | |
| Section | Short Communication | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v13i3.1542 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Hemiechinus auritus; Potential reservoir; Leishmania major; Semi-nested PCR; Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Pourmohammadi B, Mohammadi-Azni S. Molecular Detection of Leishmania major in Hemiechinus auritus, A Potential Reservoir of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Damghan, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2019;13(3):334-343.
