Seroprevalence Study on West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection, a Hidden Viral Disease in Fars Province, Southern Iran
-
Masoumeh Amin
,
Morteza Zaim
,
Hamideh Edalat
,
Hamid Reza Basseri
,
Mohammad Reza Yaghoobi-Ershadi
,
Farhad Rezaei
,
Kourosh Azizi
,
Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
,
Mohsen Ghane
,
Saideh Yousefi-Sharikabad
,
Sorna Dabaghmanesh
,
Sedigheh Kheirandish
,
Mohammad Esmaeil Najafi
,
Jalal Mohammadi
Abstract
Background: West Nile Virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes a variety of symptoms in human, from asymptomatic infection to neuroinvasive disease. Several studies have been conducted on the seroprevalence of WNV infection in different areas from Iran. This study was performed to find the presence of antiviral antibodies in human serum among some high risk population and awareness of health care staff about symptom of the WNV infection.
Methods: Study performed in five geographical districts based on high population of immigrant and domestic birds and prevalence of the antiviral antibodies in horses which was reported previously. Totally 150 human blood samples were collected during 2018. The samples collected from patients referred to the clinics. The ELISA method used to detect IgG and IgM antibody against WNV. Logistic regression models used to analyze the effect of sex, age, keeping birds and urban/rural residence on the risk of infection. The awareness of health care staff about symptom of infection surveyed.
Results: From all blood donors, 41 samples (27.33%) showed positive to IgG antibody. From which 56.10% were males and remaining females. None of the mentioned factors had a significant relationship. Health care staff had less attention to the infection.
Conclusions: Although the prevalence of antibodies was relatively high, due to the similarity to other viral diseases, health care staff had less attention to the disease. The study showed that people in these areas have been exposed to the virus. Further research activities are recommended for control of this arbovirus.
1. Meshkat Z, Chinikar S, Shakeri M, Ma-navi¬far L, Moradi M, Mirshahabi H, Jalali T, Kha¬kifirouz S, Shahhosseini N (2015) Prevalence of West Nile vi-rus in Mashhad, Iran: A popu¬lation-based study. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 8 (3): 203–205.
2. Cao L, Fu S, Lu Z, Tang C, Gao X, Li X, Lei W, He Y, Li M, Cao Y, Wang H, Liang G (2019) Detection of West Nile virus infection in viral encepha-litis cas¬es, China. Vector Borne Zo-onotic Dis. 19(1): 45–50.
3. Martínez-de la Puente J, Ferraguti M, Ruiz S, Roiz D, Llorente F, Pérez-Ramírez E, Ji¬ménez-Clavero MA, Soriguer R, Figuerola J (2018) Mos-quito commu¬nity influences West Nile Virus sero¬prevalence in wild birds: im¬plications for the risk of spillover into human pop¬ulations. Sci Rep. 8(1): 2599.
4. Fereidouni SR, Ziegler U, Linke S, Nie-drig M, Modirrousta H, Hoffmann B, Gro¬schup MH (2011) West Nile vi¬rus monitoring in mi¬grating and resi¬dent water birds in Iran: Are com¬mon coots the main reservoirs of the virus in wet¬lands? Vector Borne Zo¬onotic Dis. 11 (10): 1377–1381.
5. Colpitts TM, Conway MJ, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E (2012) West Nile virus: biology, transmission, and human in-fec¬tion. Clin Mi¬crobiol Rev. 25(4): 635–648.
6. Chinikar S, Shah-Hosseini N, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zainali M, Fooks AR (2013) Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13: 586–589.
7. Eybpoosh S, Fazlalipour M, Baniasadi V, Pouriayevali MH, Sadeghi F, Ah¬madi-Vasmehjani A, Karbalaie Niya MH, Hew¬son R, Salehi-Vaziri M (2019) Ep¬idemiology of West Nile virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region: A sys¬tematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13(1): e0007081.
8. Busquets N, Laranjo-González M, Soler M, Nicolás O, Rivas R, Talavera S (2019) Detec¬tion of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North-Eastern Spain (Cat-alonia). Trans Emerg Dis. 66(2): 617–621.
9. Pradier S, Lecollinet S, Leblond A (2012) West Nile virus epidemiology and fac¬tors triggering change in its dis-tribu¬tion in Europe. Rev Sci Tech off Int Epiz. 31(3): 829–844.
10. Anukumara B, Sapkal GN, Tandaleb BV, Balasubramanian R, Gangaleb D (2014) West Nile encephalitis out¬break in Ker¬ala, India, 2011. J Clin Virol. 61(1): 152–155.
11. Ozan E, Albayrak H, Gumusova S, Bo-lukbas CS, Kurt M, Pekmezci GZ, Beyhan YE, Kadi H, Kaya S, Aydin I, Yazici Z (2019) A study on the identi-fication of five arbo¬viruses from hema¬tophagous mosquitoes and midges cap¬tured in some parts of northern Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(2): 224–233.
12. Brugman VA, Hernández-Triana LM, Medlock JM, Fooks AR, Carpenter S, Johnson N (2018) The role of Cu¬lex pipiens L. (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in virus transmission in Eu¬rope. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15(2): 389–395.
13. Brugman VA, Hernández-Triana LM, England ME, Medlock JM, Mertens PPC, Lo¬gan JG, Wilson AJ, Fooks AR, Johnson N, Carpenter S (2017) Blood-feeding patterns of native mos¬quitoes and insights into their po¬tential role as pathogen vectors in the Thames estu-ary region of the United Kingdom. Par¬a¬site Vector. 10: 163–169.
14. Beasley DW, Barrett AD, Tesh RB (2013) Resurgence of West Nile neu¬rologic disease in the United States in 2012: what happened? What needs to be done? Antiviral Res. 99: 1–5.
15. Chaintoutisa C, Gewehrb S, Mourelatosb S, Dovasa CI (2016) Serological moni¬toring of backyard chickens in central Macedonia-Greece can detect low trans¬mission of West Nile virus in the ab¬sence of human neuroinva¬sive dis¬ease cases. Acta Trop. 163: 26–31.
16. Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Walker ED (2008) Culex pipiens (Diptera: Cu-licidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans. J Med Ento¬mol. 45 (1): 125–128.
17. Papa A (2013) West Nile virus infec-tions in humans-focus on Greece. J Clin Vi¬rol. 58: 351–353.
18. Benjelloun A, El Harrak M, Belkadi B (2016) West Nile disease epidemiol¬o-gy in North-West Africa: biblio¬graph-ical review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 63 (6): 153–159.
19. Del Giudice P, Schuffenecker I, Vanden¬bos F, Counillon E, Zeller H (2004) Hu¬man West Nile virus, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 10(10): 1885–1886.
20. Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, Rossi C, Tsai TF, Cernescu C (2000) Evaluation of immu¬noglobulin M (IgM) and IgG en-zyme immu¬noassays in serologic diag¬nosis of West Nile virus infec¬tion. J Clin Microbiol. 38(6): 2232–2239.
21. Prince HE, Tobler LH, Lape-Nixon M, Foster GA, Stramer SL, Busch MP (2005) Development and persistence of West Nile virus-specific Immuno-globu¬lin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG in vi-remic blood donors. J Clin Mi¬crobiol. 43: 4316–4320.
22. Komar N, Panella N, YoungG, Basile A (2015) Methods for detection of West Nile virus antibodies In mos¬quito blood meals. J Am Mosq Con¬trol As-soc. 31(1): 1–6.
23. Chinikar S, Javadi A, Ataei B, Shakeri H, Moradi M, Mostafavi E, Ghiasi SM (2012) Detection of West Nile virus ge¬nome and spe¬cific antibodies in Ira-nian encephalitis pa¬tients. Epi¬demiol Infect. 140: 1525–1529.
24. Papa A, Anastasiadou A, Delianidou M (2015) West Nile virus IgM and IgG antibod¬ies three years post-infec¬tion. Hippokratia. 19(1): 34–36.
25. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fallah MH, Lowenski S, Sedighi-Moghaddam R, Zavareh A, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Sabatier P (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: A cross-sectional sero-survey in equines, 2008–2009. Epi¬de-miol Infect. 139(10): 1587–1593.
26. Saidi S, Tesh R, Javadian E, Nadim A (1976) The prevalence of human in-fec¬tion with West Nile virus in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 5: 8–13.
27. Naficy K, Saidi S (1970) Serological sur¬vey on viral antibodies in Iran. Trop Ge¬ogr Med. 22(2): 183–188.
28. Sharifi Z, Shooshtari M, Talebian A (2010) A study of West Nile virus in¬fection in Iranian blood donors. Arch Iran Med. 13(1): 1–4.
29. Talebian A (2010) A study of West Nile virus infection in Iranian blood do-nors. Arch Iran Med. 13(1): 1–4.
30. Aghaie A, Aaskov J, Chinikar S, Niedrig M, Banazadeh S, Mohammadpour HK (2016) Frequency of West Nile virus infection in Ira¬nian blood do¬nors. Indi¬an J Hematol Blood Trans¬fus. 32(3): 343–346.
31. Enghiad M (2015) Serologic survey of West Nile Virus in horses from Fars Province. [PhD dissertation]. Veteri-nary School, Shiraz University, Iran.
32. Malan AK, Martins TB, Hill HR, Litwin CM (2004) Evaluations of commer¬cial West Nile virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme immuno¬assays show the value of con¬tinuous valida-tion. J Clin Microbiol. 42(2): 727–733.
33. Mandalakas A, Kippes C, Sedransk J, Kile JR (2005) West Nile virus epi-demic, North¬east Ohio, 2002. Emerg In¬fect Dis. 11(11): 1774–1777.
34. Huhn GD, Sejvar JJ, Montgomery SP, Dworkin MS (2003) West Nile virus in the United States: An update on an emerg¬ing in¬fectious disease. Am Fam Physician. 68(4): 653–660.
35. Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, D’Ambrosio A, Giordani L, Viora M (2016) The in¬flu-ence of sex and gender on immun¬ity, infection and vaccination. Ann Ist Su-per Sanità. 52(2): 198–204.
36. Reed KD, Meece JK, Henkel JS, Shukla SK (2003) Birds, migration and emerg¬ing zo¬onosis: West Nile virus, Lyme dis¬ease, Influ¬enza A and En-teropatho¬gens. Clin Med Res.1(1): 5–12.
37. Bagheri M, Terenius O, Oshaghi MA, Motazakker M, Asgari S, Dabiri F, Vatan¬doost H, Mohammadi Bavani M, Chavshin AR (2015) West Nile virus in mosquitoes of Iranian wet¬lands. Vec¬tor Borne Zoonotic Dis. 15(12): 750–754.
38. Keyel AC, Timm OE, P. Backenson B, Prussing C, Quinones S, McDonough KA, Vuille M, Conn JE, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TA, Kramer LD (2019) Sea¬sonal temper¬atures and hydrologi¬cal con¬ditions improve the pre¬diction of West Nile virus infection rates in Culex mos¬quitoes and human case counts in New York and Connecticut. PLoS One. 14 (6): e0217854.
39. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fathnia A, Ahmadabadi A, Fallah MH, Zavareh A, Mi¬andehi N, Durand B, Sabatier P (2016) Impact of climate and envi¬ron-mental factors on West Nile virus cir-culation in Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10(3): 315–327.
40. Hartley DM, Barker CM, Le Menach A, Niu T, Gaff HD, Reisen WK (2012) Effects of temperature on emergence and seasonality of West Nile virus in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(5): 884–894.
41. Mavridis K, Fotakis EA, Kioulos I, Mpel-¬lou S, Konstantas S, Varela E, Gewehr S, Di¬amantopoulos V, Vontas J (2018) Detection of West Nile virus-lineage 2 in Culex pipiens mosquitoes, associat¬ed with disease outbreak in Greece, 2017. Acta Trop. 182: 64–68.
2. Cao L, Fu S, Lu Z, Tang C, Gao X, Li X, Lei W, He Y, Li M, Cao Y, Wang H, Liang G (2019) Detection of West Nile virus infection in viral encepha-litis cas¬es, China. Vector Borne Zo-onotic Dis. 19(1): 45–50.
3. Martínez-de la Puente J, Ferraguti M, Ruiz S, Roiz D, Llorente F, Pérez-Ramírez E, Ji¬ménez-Clavero MA, Soriguer R, Figuerola J (2018) Mos-quito commu¬nity influences West Nile Virus sero¬prevalence in wild birds: im¬plications for the risk of spillover into human pop¬ulations. Sci Rep. 8(1): 2599.
4. Fereidouni SR, Ziegler U, Linke S, Nie-drig M, Modirrousta H, Hoffmann B, Gro¬schup MH (2011) West Nile vi¬rus monitoring in mi¬grating and resi¬dent water birds in Iran: Are com¬mon coots the main reservoirs of the virus in wet¬lands? Vector Borne Zo¬onotic Dis. 11 (10): 1377–1381.
5. Colpitts TM, Conway MJ, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E (2012) West Nile virus: biology, transmission, and human in-fec¬tion. Clin Mi¬crobiol Rev. 25(4): 635–648.
6. Chinikar S, Shah-Hosseini N, Mostafavi E, Moradi M, Khakifirouz S, Jalali T, Goya MM, Shirzadi MR, Zainali M, Fooks AR (2013) Seroprevalence of West Nile virus in Iran. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 13: 586–589.
7. Eybpoosh S, Fazlalipour M, Baniasadi V, Pouriayevali MH, Sadeghi F, Ah¬madi-Vasmehjani A, Karbalaie Niya MH, Hew¬son R, Salehi-Vaziri M (2019) Ep¬idemiology of West Nile virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region: A sys¬tematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 13(1): e0007081.
8. Busquets N, Laranjo-González M, Soler M, Nicolás O, Rivas R, Talavera S (2019) Detec¬tion of West Nile virus lineage 2 in North-Eastern Spain (Cat-alonia). Trans Emerg Dis. 66(2): 617–621.
9. Pradier S, Lecollinet S, Leblond A (2012) West Nile virus epidemiology and fac¬tors triggering change in its dis-tribu¬tion in Europe. Rev Sci Tech off Int Epiz. 31(3): 829–844.
10. Anukumara B, Sapkal GN, Tandaleb BV, Balasubramanian R, Gangaleb D (2014) West Nile encephalitis out¬break in Ker¬ala, India, 2011. J Clin Virol. 61(1): 152–155.
11. Ozan E, Albayrak H, Gumusova S, Bo-lukbas CS, Kurt M, Pekmezci GZ, Beyhan YE, Kadi H, Kaya S, Aydin I, Yazici Z (2019) A study on the identi-fication of five arbo¬viruses from hema¬tophagous mosquitoes and midges cap¬tured in some parts of northern Turkey. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(2): 224–233.
12. Brugman VA, Hernández-Triana LM, Medlock JM, Fooks AR, Carpenter S, Johnson N (2018) The role of Cu¬lex pipiens L. (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in virus transmission in Eu¬rope. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 15(2): 389–395.
13. Brugman VA, Hernández-Triana LM, England ME, Medlock JM, Mertens PPC, Lo¬gan JG, Wilson AJ, Fooks AR, Johnson N, Carpenter S (2017) Blood-feeding patterns of native mos¬quitoes and insights into their po¬tential role as pathogen vectors in the Thames estu-ary region of the United Kingdom. Par¬a¬site Vector. 10: 163–169.
14. Beasley DW, Barrett AD, Tesh RB (2013) Resurgence of West Nile neu¬rologic disease in the United States in 2012: what happened? What needs to be done? Antiviral Res. 99: 1–5.
15. Chaintoutisa C, Gewehrb S, Mourelatosb S, Dovasa CI (2016) Serological moni¬toring of backyard chickens in central Macedonia-Greece can detect low trans¬mission of West Nile virus in the ab¬sence of human neuroinva¬sive dis¬ease cases. Acta Trop. 163: 26–31.
16. Hamer GL, Kitron UD, Brawn JD, Loss SR, Ruiz MO, Goldberg TL, Walker ED (2008) Culex pipiens (Diptera: Cu-licidae): a bridge vector of West Nile virus to humans. J Med Ento¬mol. 45 (1): 125–128.
17. Papa A (2013) West Nile virus infec-tions in humans-focus on Greece. J Clin Vi¬rol. 58: 351–353.
18. Benjelloun A, El Harrak M, Belkadi B (2016) West Nile disease epidemiol¬o-gy in North-West Africa: biblio¬graph-ical review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 63 (6): 153–159.
19. Del Giudice P, Schuffenecker I, Vanden¬bos F, Counillon E, Zeller H (2004) Hu¬man West Nile virus, France. Emerg Infect Dis. 10(10): 1885–1886.
20. Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, Rossi C, Tsai TF, Cernescu C (2000) Evaluation of immu¬noglobulin M (IgM) and IgG en-zyme immu¬noassays in serologic diag¬nosis of West Nile virus infec¬tion. J Clin Microbiol. 38(6): 2232–2239.
21. Prince HE, Tobler LH, Lape-Nixon M, Foster GA, Stramer SL, Busch MP (2005) Development and persistence of West Nile virus-specific Immuno-globu¬lin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG in vi-remic blood donors. J Clin Mi¬crobiol. 43: 4316–4320.
22. Komar N, Panella N, YoungG, Basile A (2015) Methods for detection of West Nile virus antibodies In mos¬quito blood meals. J Am Mosq Con¬trol As-soc. 31(1): 1–6.
23. Chinikar S, Javadi A, Ataei B, Shakeri H, Moradi M, Mostafavi E, Ghiasi SM (2012) Detection of West Nile virus ge¬nome and spe¬cific antibodies in Ira-nian encephalitis pa¬tients. Epi¬demiol Infect. 140: 1525–1529.
24. Papa A, Anastasiadou A, Delianidou M (2015) West Nile virus IgM and IgG antibod¬ies three years post-infec¬tion. Hippokratia. 19(1): 34–36.
25. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fallah MH, Lowenski S, Sedighi-Moghaddam R, Zavareh A, Durand B, Lecollinet S, Sabatier P (2011) Spread of West Nile virus in Iran: A cross-sectional sero-survey in equines, 2008–2009. Epi¬de-miol Infect. 139(10): 1587–1593.
26. Saidi S, Tesh R, Javadian E, Nadim A (1976) The prevalence of human in-fec¬tion with West Nile virus in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 5: 8–13.
27. Naficy K, Saidi S (1970) Serological sur¬vey on viral antibodies in Iran. Trop Ge¬ogr Med. 22(2): 183–188.
28. Sharifi Z, Shooshtari M, Talebian A (2010) A study of West Nile virus in¬fection in Iranian blood donors. Arch Iran Med. 13(1): 1–4.
29. Talebian A (2010) A study of West Nile virus infection in Iranian blood do-nors. Arch Iran Med. 13(1): 1–4.
30. Aghaie A, Aaskov J, Chinikar S, Niedrig M, Banazadeh S, Mohammadpour HK (2016) Frequency of West Nile virus infection in Ira¬nian blood do¬nors. Indi¬an J Hematol Blood Trans¬fus. 32(3): 343–346.
31. Enghiad M (2015) Serologic survey of West Nile Virus in horses from Fars Province. [PhD dissertation]. Veteri-nary School, Shiraz University, Iran.
32. Malan AK, Martins TB, Hill HR, Litwin CM (2004) Evaluations of commer¬cial West Nile virus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM enzyme immuno¬assays show the value of con¬tinuous valida-tion. J Clin Microbiol. 42(2): 727–733.
33. Mandalakas A, Kippes C, Sedransk J, Kile JR (2005) West Nile virus epi-demic, North¬east Ohio, 2002. Emerg In¬fect Dis. 11(11): 1774–1777.
34. Huhn GD, Sejvar JJ, Montgomery SP, Dworkin MS (2003) West Nile virus in the United States: An update on an emerg¬ing in¬fectious disease. Am Fam Physician. 68(4): 653–660.
35. Ruggieri A, Anticoli S, D’Ambrosio A, Giordani L, Viora M (2016) The in¬flu-ence of sex and gender on immun¬ity, infection and vaccination. Ann Ist Su-per Sanità. 52(2): 198–204.
36. Reed KD, Meece JK, Henkel JS, Shukla SK (2003) Birds, migration and emerg¬ing zo¬onosis: West Nile virus, Lyme dis¬ease, Influ¬enza A and En-teropatho¬gens. Clin Med Res.1(1): 5–12.
37. Bagheri M, Terenius O, Oshaghi MA, Motazakker M, Asgari S, Dabiri F, Vatan¬doost H, Mohammadi Bavani M, Chavshin AR (2015) West Nile virus in mosquitoes of Iranian wet¬lands. Vec¬tor Borne Zoonotic Dis. 15(12): 750–754.
38. Keyel AC, Timm OE, P. Backenson B, Prussing C, Quinones S, McDonough KA, Vuille M, Conn JE, Armstrong PM, Andreadis TA, Kramer LD (2019) Sea¬sonal temper¬atures and hydrologi¬cal con¬ditions improve the pre¬diction of West Nile virus infection rates in Culex mos¬quitoes and human case counts in New York and Connecticut. PLoS One. 14 (6): e0217854.
39. Ahmadnejad F, Otarod V, Fathnia A, Ahmadabadi A, Fallah MH, Zavareh A, Mi¬andehi N, Durand B, Sabatier P (2016) Impact of climate and envi¬ron-mental factors on West Nile virus cir-culation in Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10(3): 315–327.
40. Hartley DM, Barker CM, Le Menach A, Niu T, Gaff HD, Reisen WK (2012) Effects of temperature on emergence and seasonality of West Nile virus in California. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 86(5): 884–894.
41. Mavridis K, Fotakis EA, Kioulos I, Mpel-¬lou S, Konstantas S, Varela E, Gewehr S, Di¬amantopoulos V, Vontas J (2018) Detection of West Nile virus-lineage 2 in Culex pipiens mosquitoes, associat¬ed with disease outbreak in Greece, 2017. Acta Trop. 182: 64–68.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 2 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i2.3735 | |
| Keywords | ||
| West nile virus; Seroprevalence; Iran | ||
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Amin M, Zaim M, Edalat H, Basseri HR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rezaei F, Azizi K, Salehi-Vaziri M, Ghane M, Yousefi-Sharikabad S, Dabaghmanesh S, Kheirandish S, Najafi ME, Mohammadi J. Seroprevalence Study on West Nile Virus (WNV) Infection, a Hidden Viral Disease in Fars Province, Southern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2020;14(2):173–184.
