Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Wild Population of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus Collected from Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Foci in Northwestern Iran
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Abstract
Background: Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus sand flies are the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus, collected from an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the northwest of Iran, to different selected insecticides.
Methods: Sand flies were collected from the villages of Meshkinshahr and Germi Counties using light traps and aspirators from May to October 2019. The sand flies were identified as Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus using standard identification keys. Susceptibility test was carried out against DDT (4%), Malathion (5%), Propoxur (0.1%) and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) according to the WHO standard method. MedCalc statistical software was employed to calculate LT50 and LT90 and to compare the chances of sand flies surviving the exposure to the studied insecticides.
Results: A total of 1,278 female specimens were used for the susceptibility tests. Out of which 1,063 samples were used for the test and 215 for the control group. The estimated LT50 values for DDT (4%), Malathion (5%), Propoxur (0.1%), and Lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05%) for Ph. kandelakii were 15.1, 13.4, 15.4 and 5.8 minutes respectively, and for Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus were 11.9, 15.6, 15.9 and 5.8 minutes respectively.
Conclusion: This susceptibility studies revealed different LT50 values for different insecticides efficient against Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus. The regular monitoring for the resistance of Ph. kandelakii and Ph. perfiliewi transcaucasicus sand flies seems necessary in diseases control programs in this area.
1. Torres-Guerrero E, Quintanilla-Cedillo MR, Ruiz-Esmenjaud J, Arenas R (2017) Leish¬maniasis: a review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 6: 750.
2. Faulde M, Schrader J, Heyl G, Amirih M (2008) Differences in transmission sea-sons as an epidemiological tool for char-acterization of anthroponotic and zoono¬tic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Afghanistan. Acta Trop. 105(2): 131–138.
3. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y (2018) Geographic distribution and spatial anal-ysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis. 55(3): 173–183.
4. World Health Organization (2020) Leish-maniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
5. Mohebali M (2013) Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 8 (3): 348–358.
6. Van Griensven J, Balasegaram M, Meheus F, Alvar J, Lynen L, Boelaert M (2010) Combination therapy for visceral leish-maniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 10(3): 184–194.
7. Dehkordi AS, Rassi Y, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M (2011) Molecular detection of Leish-mania infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar district, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 20–27.
8. Rassi Y, Abai M, Oshaghi M, Javadian E, Sanei A, Rafidzadeh S, Arzamani K (2012) First detection of Leishmania in¬f-antum in Phlebotomus kandelakii using molecular methods in north-eastern Is-lamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 18(4): 387–392.
9. Rassi Y, Dehkordi AS, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Enayati A Zarei Z, Javadian E (2012) First report on natu¬ral infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 131(3): 344–349.
10. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
11. Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y, Adham D, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Saghafipour A, Rafizadeh (2018) Spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Bi¬omed. 8(9): 425–430.
12. Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Saghafipour A (2019) Spatial distribu-tion and infection rate of leishmaniasis vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Arda-bil Province, northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 9(5): 181–187.
13. World Health Organization (2010) Con¬trol of the leishmaniases: report of a meet¬ing of the WHO Expert Commitee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Ge¬neva.
14. Arzamani K, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Akhavan AA, Alavinia M, Ak¬bar-zadeh K, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S (2017) Susceptibility status of wild pop-ulation of Phlebotomus sergenti (Dip-tera: Psy¬chodidae) to different imagi-cides in a en¬demic focus of cutaneous leish¬maniasis in northeast of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 54(3): 282–286.
15. Denlinger DS, Lozano-Fuentes S, Lawyer PG, Black IV WC, Bernhardt SA (2015) Assessing insecticide susceptibility of laboratory Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). J Med Entomol. 52(5): 1003–1012.
16. Dhiman RC, Yadav RS (2016) Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the In-dian subcontinent. Infect Dis Poverty. 5(1): 106–112.
17. Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, Singh SP, Das P (2010) Insecti-cide susceptibility of Phlebotomus ar-gentipes in visceral leishmaniasis en¬dem-ic districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4(10): e859.
18. Hassan MM, Widaa SO, Osman OM, Nu-miary MS, Ibrahim MA, Abushama HM (2012) Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khar-toum State, Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 5 (46): 1–10.
19. Li AY, Perez de Leon AA, Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Bast JD, Debboun M (2015) Baseline susceptibility to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in two old world sand fly species (Diptera: Psy-chodidae). US Army Med Dep J. 2(4): 3–9.
20. Singh R, Mittal P, Dhiman R (2012) In-secticide susceptibility status of Phleboto¬mus argentipes, a vector of visceral leish¬maniasis in different foci in three states of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(4): 254–257.
21. Molina R, Jiménez M, Alvar J, González E, Hernández-Taberna S, Ines MM (2017) Methods in Sand Fly Research. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Alcalá de Henaresp, Madrid, Spain.
22. Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2006) Phlebotom¬ine Sand Flies, Vectors of Leishmani¬ases: Morphology, biology, ecology, and field and laboratory methods with picto¬rial key of Iranian sand flies. Noavaran-Elm Publication, Tehran, Iran.
23. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1993) The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodi-dae: Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Iran J Public Health. 21: 11–50.
24. Moradi-Asl E, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M (2017) Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most im-portant endemic area of the disease in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 11(4): 482–496.
25. Moradiasl E, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Saghafipour A, Adham D, Aabasgolizadeh N, Omidi Oskouei AR, Sadeghi H (2018) The relationship between climatic factors and the preva-lence of visceral leishmaniasis in north west of Iran. Int J Pediatr. 6(2): 7169–7178.
26. Afshar AA, Rassi Y, Sharifi I, Abai M, Oshaghi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Vatandoost H (2011) Susceptibility sta-tus of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. ser-genti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and deltamethrin in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis after earthquake strike in Bam, Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(2): 32–41.
27. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi‐Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Sheikh Z, Arandian MH, Jafariband R, Sanei Dehkordia AR (2012) Baseline sus¬cep-tibility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Pest Manag Sci. 68(5): 669–675.
28. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Aran-dian MH, Jafari R (2013) Base¬line in-secticide susceptibility data of Phleboto-mus papatasi in Iran. J Vector borne Dis. 50(1): 57–61.
29. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zahraei-Rama¬zani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Rassi Y, Gholampour F, Shareghi N, Madreseh E Vatandoost H (2020) Monitoring of la-boratory reared of Phlebotomus papa-tasi (Diptera: Psy-chodidae), main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis to different imagicides in hyper endemic areas, Es-fahan Province, Iran. J Arth-ropod Borne Dis. 14(1): 116–125.
30. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Saeidi Z, Jafari R, Vatandoost H (2017) As¬sessing the insecticide sus-ceptibility status of field population of Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Psy-chodidae) in a hy¬perendemic ar¬ea of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Esfahan Province, Cen¬tral Iran. Acta Trop. 176: 316–322.
31. González MA, Bell MJ, Bernhardt SA, Brazil RP, Dilger E, Courtenay Oames G. C. Hamilton GJC (2019) Susceptibil-ity of wild-caught Lutzomyia longipal¬pis (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies to insecticide after an extended period of exposure in western São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 5: 110: 1–9.
32. Dhiman R, Raghavendra K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Kishore K (2003) Susceptibil-ity status of Phlebotomus argentipes to insecticides in districts Vaishaii and Pat-na (Bihar). J Commun Dis. 35(1): 49–51.
33. Kishore K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Bhattachar¬ya S, Das P (2004) Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes against DDT in endemic Districts of North Bihar, India. J Commun Dis. 36(1): 41–44.
34. Kumar V, Shankar L, Kesari S, Bhunia GS, Dinesh DS, Mandal R, Das P (2015) In-secticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus ar¬gentipes and assess¬ment of vector con¬trol in two districts of West Bengal, In¬dia. Indian J Med Res. 142(2): 211–215.
35. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Jafari R (2006) Susceptibility status of Anoph-eles dthali and An. fluviatilis to com-monly used larvicides in an endemic fo-cus of malaria, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 43(1): 34–38.
36. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Sed-aghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiver-sity of Anopheline mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in a malarious area of south-ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(2): 91–100.
37. Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Zarenejad F, Ter¬enius O (2015) Malpighian tubules are im-portant determinants of Pseudomo¬nas transstadi¬al transmission and long¬time persistence in Anopheles ste¬phensi. Parasit Vectors. 8 (1): 21–36.
38. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Sha¬yan P, Vatandoost H, Ba-bamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Ana-plasma infec¬tion in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204–211.
2. Faulde M, Schrader J, Heyl G, Amirih M (2008) Differences in transmission sea-sons as an epidemiological tool for char-acterization of anthroponotic and zoono¬tic cutaneous leishmaniasis in northern Afghanistan. Acta Trop. 105(2): 131–138.
3. Mohebali M, Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y (2018) Geographic distribution and spatial anal-ysis of Leishmania infantum infection in domestic and wild animal reservoir hosts of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic review. J Vector Borne Dis. 55(3): 173–183.
4. World Health Organization (2020) Leish-maniasis. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
5. Mohebali M (2013) Visceral leishmaniasis in Iran: review of the epidemiological and clinical features. Iran J Parasitol. 8 (3): 348–358.
6. Van Griensven J, Balasegaram M, Meheus F, Alvar J, Lynen L, Boelaert M (2010) Combination therapy for visceral leish-maniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 10(3): 184–194.
7. Dehkordi AS, Rassi Y, Oshaghi M, Abai M, Rafizadeh S, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M (2011) Molecular detection of Leish-mania infantum in naturally infected Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus in Bilesavar district, northwestern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 20–27.
8. Rassi Y, Abai M, Oshaghi M, Javadian E, Sanei A, Rafidzadeh S, Arzamani K (2012) First detection of Leishmania in¬f-antum in Phlebotomus kandelakii using molecular methods in north-eastern Is-lamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J. 18(4): 387–392.
9. Rassi Y, Dehkordi AS, Oshaghi MA, Abai MR, Mohtarami F, Enayati A Zarei Z, Javadian E (2012) First report on natu¬ral infection of the Phlebotomus tobbi by Leishmania infantum in northwestern Iran. Exp Parasitol. 131(3): 344–349.
10. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mission. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1–17.
11. Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y, Adham D, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Saghafipour A, Rafizadeh (2018) Spatial distribution of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae; Larroussius group), the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in Northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Bi¬omed. 8(9): 425–430.
12. Moradi-Asl E, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Saghafipour A (2019) Spatial distribu-tion and infection rate of leishmaniasis vectors (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Arda-bil Province, northwest of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 9(5): 181–187.
13. World Health Organization (2010) Con¬trol of the leishmaniases: report of a meet¬ing of the WHO Expert Commitee on the Control of Leishmaniases, Ge¬neva.
14. Arzamani K, Vatandoost H, Rassi Y, Abai MR, Akhavan AA, Alavinia M, Ak¬bar-zadeh K, Mohebali M, Rafizadeh S (2017) Susceptibility status of wild pop-ulation of Phlebotomus sergenti (Dip-tera: Psy¬chodidae) to different imagi-cides in a en¬demic focus of cutaneous leish¬maniasis in northeast of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 54(3): 282–286.
15. Denlinger DS, Lozano-Fuentes S, Lawyer PG, Black IV WC, Bernhardt SA (2015) Assessing insecticide susceptibility of laboratory Lutzomyia longipalpis and Phlebotomus papatasi sand flies (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). J Med Entomol. 52(5): 1003–1012.
16. Dhiman RC, Yadav RS (2016) Insecticide resistance in phlebotomine sandflies in Southeast Asia with emphasis on the In-dian subcontinent. Infect Dis Poverty. 5(1): 106–112.
17. Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, Singh SP, Das P (2010) Insecti-cide susceptibility of Phlebotomus ar-gentipes in visceral leishmaniasis en¬dem-ic districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 4(10): e859.
18. Hassan MM, Widaa SO, Osman OM, Nu-miary MS, Ibrahim MA, Abushama HM (2012) Insecticide resistance in the sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi from Khar-toum State, Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 5 (46): 1–10.
19. Li AY, Perez de Leon AA, Linthicum KJ, Britch SC, Bast JD, Debboun M (2015) Baseline susceptibility to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in two old world sand fly species (Diptera: Psy-chodidae). US Army Med Dep J. 2(4): 3–9.
20. Singh R, Mittal P, Dhiman R (2012) In-secticide susceptibility status of Phleboto¬mus argentipes, a vector of visceral leish¬maniasis in different foci in three states of India. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(4): 254–257.
21. Molina R, Jiménez M, Alvar J, González E, Hernández-Taberna S, Ines MM (2017) Methods in Sand Fly Research. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Alcalá de Henaresp, Madrid, Spain.
22. Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2006) Phlebotom¬ine Sand Flies, Vectors of Leishmani¬ases: Morphology, biology, ecology, and field and laboratory methods with picto¬rial key of Iranian sand flies. Noavaran-Elm Publication, Tehran, Iran.
23. Seyedi-Rashti MA, Nadim A (1993) The genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodi-dae: Phlebotominae) of the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Iran J Public Health. 21: 11–50.
24. Moradi-Asl E, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Vatandoost H, Mohebali M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi M (2017) Situational analysis of visceral leishmaniasis in the most im-portant endemic area of the disease in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 11(4): 482–496.
25. Moradiasl E, Rassi Y, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Saghafipour A, Adham D, Aabasgolizadeh N, Omidi Oskouei AR, Sadeghi H (2018) The relationship between climatic factors and the preva-lence of visceral leishmaniasis in north west of Iran. Int J Pediatr. 6(2): 7169–7178.
26. Afshar AA, Rassi Y, Sharifi I, Abai M, Oshaghi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Vatandoost H (2011) Susceptibility sta-tus of Phlebotomus papatasi and P. ser-genti (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and deltamethrin in a focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis after earthquake strike in Bam, Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(2): 32–41.
27. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi‐Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Sheikh Z, Arandian MH, Jafariband R, Sanei Dehkordia AR (2012) Baseline sus¬cep-tibility of a wild strain of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to DDT and pyrethroids in an endemic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Pest Manag Sci. 68(5): 669–675.
28. Saeidi Z, Vatandoost H, Akhavan AA, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Aran-dian MH, Jafari R (2013) Base¬line in-secticide susceptibility data of Phleboto-mus papatasi in Iran. J Vector borne Dis. 50(1): 57–61.
29. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zahraei-Rama¬zani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Rassi Y, Gholampour F, Shareghi N, Madreseh E Vatandoost H (2020) Monitoring of la-boratory reared of Phlebotomus papa-tasi (Diptera: Psy-chodidae), main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis to different imagicides in hyper endemic areas, Es-fahan Province, Iran. J Arth-ropod Borne Dis. 14(1): 116–125.
30. Shirani-Bidabadi L, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Rassi Y, Akhavan AA, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Saeidi Z, Jafari R, Vatandoost H (2017) As¬sessing the insecticide sus-ceptibility status of field population of Phlebotomus papatasi (Dip¬tera: Psy-chodidae) in a hy¬perendemic ar¬ea of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Esfahan Province, Cen¬tral Iran. Acta Trop. 176: 316–322.
31. González MA, Bell MJ, Bernhardt SA, Brazil RP, Dilger E, Courtenay Oames G. C. Hamilton GJC (2019) Susceptibil-ity of wild-caught Lutzomyia longipal¬pis (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies to insecticide after an extended period of exposure in western São Paulo, Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 5: 110: 1–9.
32. Dhiman R, Raghavendra K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Kishore K (2003) Susceptibil-ity status of Phlebotomus argentipes to insecticides in districts Vaishaii and Pat-na (Bihar). J Commun Dis. 35(1): 49–51.
33. Kishore K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Bhattachar¬ya S, Das P (2004) Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes against DDT in endemic Districts of North Bihar, India. J Commun Dis. 36(1): 41–44.
34. Kumar V, Shankar L, Kesari S, Bhunia GS, Dinesh DS, Mandal R, Das P (2015) In-secticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus ar¬gentipes and assess¬ment of vector con¬trol in two districts of West Bengal, In¬dia. Indian J Med Res. 142(2): 211–215.
35. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Jafari R (2006) Susceptibility status of Anoph-eles dthali and An. fluviatilis to com-monly used larvicides in an endemic fo-cus of malaria, southern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 43(1): 34–38.
36. Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Charrahy Z, Haghdoost AA, Sed-aghat MM, Abedi F, Soltani M, Raeisi A (2012) Larval habitats and biodiver-sity of Anopheline mosquitoes (Dip¬tera: Culicidae) in a malarious area of south-ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 49(2): 91–100.
37. Chavshin AR, Oshaghi MA, Vatandoost H, Yakhchali B, Zarenejad F, Ter¬enius O (2015) Malpighian tubules are im-portant determinants of Pseudomo¬nas transstadi¬al transmission and long¬time persistence in Anopheles ste¬phensi. Parasit Vectors. 8 (1): 21–36.
38. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Sha¬yan P, Vatandoost H, Ba-bamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Ana-plasma infec¬tion in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthro¬pod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204–211.
| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 14 No 3 (2020) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v14i3.4561 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Phlebotomus kandelakii Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus Insecticide resistance Insecticide sus¬ceptibility Lambda-cyhalothrin | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Rassi Y, Moradi-Asl E, Vatandoost H, Abazari M, Saghafipour A. Insecticide Susceptibility Status of Wild Population of Phlebotomus kandelakii and Phlebotomus perfiliewi transcaucasicus Collected from Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Foci in Northwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2020;14(3):277–285.
