Prevalence and Severity of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis Infestation and their Association with Common Skin Diseases in Northwest Iran
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Abstract
Background: Demodex spp., a cosmopolitan mite, can exist as a commensal or parasitic organism. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Demodex spp. infestation in patients with common skin diseases and explore the potential association between demodicosis and these conditions in Urmia, northwest Iran.
Methods: A total of 246 patients attending the Skin Polyclinic of Iranian Urmia Taleghani Hospital were enrolled in the study. Samples were taken from the nose wings, cheeks, and forehead regions of the face area of the persons using the standard superficial skin biopsy method.
Results: Demodicosis was detected in 43 (16.3%) patients, with 42 cases attributed to D. folliculorum and 1 case to D. brevis infestation. The highest positivity was found in the 31‒50 (21.4%) and 51‒72 (22.2%) age groups. In the relationship between demodicosis and skin diseases, Demodex spp. was found in 13 (32.5%) of 40 patients who had skin disease; 6 of these patients with rosacea (42.9%) and 7 with eczema (29.2%). Mite infestation was found in 6 (37.5%) of 16 patients who had hemodialysis due to renal insufficiency. Furthermore, 46.7% of positive patients reported using common goods. The prevalence of demodicosis was similar among patients residing in villages (17.2%) and cities (17.6%).
Conclusion: This study sheds light on the potential association between Demodex infestation and common skin diseases such as rosacea and eczema in Urmia, Iran. Therefore, there is a pressing need to augment research endeavors on demodicosis.
1. Lacey N, Kavanagh K, Tseng S (2009) Un-der the lash: Demodex mites in hu¬man dis¬eases. Biochem. 31(4): 2–6.
2. Litwin D, Chen W, Dzika E, Korycinska J (2017) Human permanent ectoparasites; recent advances on biology and clinical sig¬nificance of Demodex Mites: Narra-tive Re¬view Article. Iran J Parasitol. 12 (1): 12–21.
3. Dong H, Duncan LD (2006) Cytologic find¬ings in Demodex folliculitis: a case re¬port and review of the literature. Di-agn Cyto¬pathol. 34: 232–234.
4. Akilov OE, Butov YS (2005) A clinic patho¬logical approach to the classifica-tion of human demodicosis. J Dtsch Der¬matol Ges. 3: 607–614.
5. Vargas-Arzola J, Reyes-Velasco L, Se¬gura-Salvador A, Marquez-Navarro A, Di¬az-Chiguer DL, Nogueda-Torres B (2012) Prevalence of Demodex mites in eye¬lash-es among people of Oaxaca, Mexi¬co. Acta Mi¬crobiol Immunol Hung. 59 (2): 257–262.
6. Shokrani H, Nabavi R, Sarabi ZA (2015) Demodicosis and associated risk factors in young adults in Khorramabad. Arak Med Univ J. 2016; 19(108): 38–45.
7. Taghi Rahimi M, RezaYoussefi M, Ah-madpour E (2016) Prevalence of demod-icosis among youth in Northern Iran. J Zoon Dis. 1: 54–57.
8. Rusiecka-Ziółkowska J, Nokiel M, Fleischer M (2014) Demodex‒an old patho¬gen or a new one? Adv Clin Exp Med. 23(2): 295‒298.
9. Ding Y, Huang X (2005) Investigation of external auditory meatus secretion De-modex folliculorum and Demodex breuis infection in college students. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 19(4): 176‒177.
10. Zhao YE, Guo N, Xun M, Xu JR, Wang M, Wang DL (2011) Sociodemographic char¬acteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodici-dae). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 12(12): 998–1007.
11. Isa NH, Loong LW, Fang GH, Mohamad AM, Razali N, Rani NI, Manap SN, Ab-dullah SR (2011) Demodicosis among university medical students in Malaysia and the effects of facial cleanser and moist¬urizer usage. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 42(6): 1375‒1380.
12. Saygı G, Marufi M, Köylüoğlu Z (1984) Biri selofanlı bant preparatı ile saptanan üç Demodex folliculorum olgusu (In Turk¬ish). Türkiye Parazitol Derg. 7: 137–144.
13. Yazar S, Ozcan H, Cetinkaya U (2008) Investigation of Demodex sp. using cel-lo¬phane tape method among university students. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 3: 66–68 .
14. Yuce Fırat P, Gecit İ, Depecik F, Karadan M, Karcı E, Karaman U (2010) Demo-dex spp. positivity among laboratory staff, kitchen staff, cleaning workers and nurses working in a state hospital. Tü¬rkiye Parazitol Derg. 34: 164–167.
15. Özdemir H, Özer E, Özdemir S, Alkanat
M (2015) The prevalence of Demodex species in faculty of health science stu-dents. Arch Turk Dermatol Venereol. 49: 139–141.
16. Tilki E, Zeytun E, Doğan S (2017) Preva-lence and density of Demodex folliculo-rum and Demodex brevis (Acari: De-mod¬icidae) in Erzincan Province. Turki-ye Parazitol Derg. 41(2): 80–86.
17. Daneshparvar A, Hajjaran H, Mobedi I, Naddaf S, Nateghpour M, Makki MS, Shidfar M, Hashemi J, Eskandari E, Mowlavi GH (2014) Infestation of pa-tients to demodicosis referred to the skin clinics and its relation to some related factors in Tehran, Iran. Sci J Sch Publ Health Inst Pub Health Res. 12: 53–59.
18. Tehrani S, Tizmaghz A, Shabestanipour G (2014) The Demodex mites and their re-la¬tion with seborrheic and atopic derma-titis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 7: 82–84.
19. RezaYoussefi M, Pour RT, Rahimi MT (2012) Prevalence of Demodex mites (Ac¬ari: Demodicidae) parasitizing hu-man in Babol, North of Iran. Academic J Ento¬mol. 5: 62–64.
20. Talghini SH, Shenasi R, Fouladi DF, Hag-igi A (2014) Demodex folliculorum and skin disease: a case-control study. J Med Sci. 5: 229–234.
21. Yazısız H, Çekin Y, Koçlar FG (2019) The presence of Demodex mites in pa-tients with dermatologic symptoms of the face. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 43(3): 143–148.
22. Czepita D, Kuzna-Grygiel W, Kosik-Bo-gacka D (2005) Investiga¬tions on the oc-currence as well as the role of Demodex folliculorum and De¬modex brevis in the path¬ogensis of blepharitis. Klin Oczna. 107: 80‒82.
23. Dhingra KK, Saroha V, Gupta P, Khura¬na N (2009) Demodex‒associated dermato-log¬ic conditions‒a coincidence or an eti-ological correlate. Review with a re¬port of a rare case of sebaceous adeno¬ma.
Pathol Res Pract. 205(6): 423–426.
24. Yolasığmaz ÜA, Turgay N (2005) Treat-ment in Medical Parasitology. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, No: 20, İzmir.
25. Wesolowska M, Knysz B, Reich A, Blazejew¬ska D, Czarnecki M, Gladysz A, Pozowski A, Misiuk‒Hojlo M (2014) Preva¬lence of Demodex spp. in eyelash follicles in different populations. Arch Med Sci. 10(2): 319–324.
26. Elston CA, Elston DM (2014) Demodex mites. Clin Dermatol. 32(6): 739–743.
27. Kaya S, Selimoglu MA, Kaya OA, Ozgen U (2013) Prevalence of Demodex follic-ulorum and Demodex brevis in child-hood malnutri¬tion and malignancy. Pe-diatr Int. 55(1): 85–89.
28. Moravvej H, Dehghan-Mangabadi M, Ab-basian MR, Meshkat-Razavi G (2007) As¬sociation of rosacea with de¬modico-sis. Arch Iran Med. 10(2): 199–203.
29. Forton F, Seys B (1993) Density of De-modex folliculorum in rosacea: a case-control study using standardized skin-sur¬face biopsy. Br J Dermatol. 128: 650–659.
30. Chen W, Plewig G (2014) Human de¬mod-icosis: revisit and a proposed classi¬fica-tion. Brit J Dermatol. 170(6): 1219‒1225.
31. Moran EM, Foley R, Powell FC (2017) Demodex and rosacea revisited. Clin Derma¬tol. 35: 195–200.
32. Casas C, Paul C, Lahfa M, Livideanu B, Lejeune O, Alvarez-Georges S, Saint-Mar¬tory C, Degouy A, Mengeaud V, Ginisty H, Durbise E, Schmitt AM, Redoules D (2012) Quantification of Demodex fol¬licu¬lorum by PCR in rosacea and its re¬lationship to skin in¬nate immune activa¬tion. Exp Derma¬tol. 21(12): 906‒910
33. Yücel A, Yilmaz M (2013) Investigation of the prevalance of Demodex folliculo-rum and Demodex brevis in rosacea pa-tients. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 37: 195–198.
34. Gonzalez-Hinojosa D, Jaime-Villalonga A, Aguilar-Montes G, Lam¬moglia-Or¬diales L (2018) Demodex and rosacea: Is there a rela¬tionship? Indian J Ophthal¬mol. 66(1): 36–38.
35. Karincaoglu Y, Esrefoglu Seyhan M, Bay-ram N, Aycan O, Taskapan H (2005) In-cidence of Demodex folliculorum in pa-tients with end stage chronic renal fail-ure. Ren Fail. 27(5): 495–499.
36. Fujiwara S, Okubo Y, Irisawa R, Tsuboi R (2010) Rosacei form dermatitis associ-ated with topical tacrolimus treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 62: 1050–1052.
37. Gerber PA, Kukova G, Buhren BA, Homey B (2011) Density of Demodex follicu¬lorum in patients receiving epi-dermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Der¬matol. 222: 144–147.
38. Seyhan ME, Karincaoglu Y, Bayram N, Aycan O, Kuku I (2004) Density of De-modex folliculorum in haematological malignancies. J Int Med Res. 32: 411–415.
39. Clyti E, Sayavong K, Chanthavisouk K (2005) Demodecidosis in a patient in-fect¬ed by HIV: successful treatment with iver¬mectin. Ann Dermatol Venere-ol. 132: 459–461.
40. Sönmez ÖU, Yalçın ZG, Karakeçe E, Çiftci İH, Erdem T (2013) Associations be¬tween Demodex species infestation and vari¬ous types of cancer. Acta Parasi-tol. 58(4): 551–555.
41. Arli C, Ozsan M, Gurkan E, Aycan Kaya O, Kokacya S (2019) The incidence of Demo¬dex folliculorum in the combina-tion of aller¬gic rhinitis and diabetes melli¬tus. Iran J Para¬sitol. 14(3): 459–464.
42. Yamashita LS, Cariello AJ, Geha NM, Yu MC, Hofling-Lima AL (2011) Demodex folliculorum on the eyelash follicle of diabetic patients. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 74: 422–424.
2. Litwin D, Chen W, Dzika E, Korycinska J (2017) Human permanent ectoparasites; recent advances on biology and clinical sig¬nificance of Demodex Mites: Narra-tive Re¬view Article. Iran J Parasitol. 12 (1): 12–21.
3. Dong H, Duncan LD (2006) Cytologic find¬ings in Demodex folliculitis: a case re¬port and review of the literature. Di-agn Cyto¬pathol. 34: 232–234.
4. Akilov OE, Butov YS (2005) A clinic patho¬logical approach to the classifica-tion of human demodicosis. J Dtsch Der¬matol Ges. 3: 607–614.
5. Vargas-Arzola J, Reyes-Velasco L, Se¬gura-Salvador A, Marquez-Navarro A, Di¬az-Chiguer DL, Nogueda-Torres B (2012) Prevalence of Demodex mites in eye¬lash-es among people of Oaxaca, Mexi¬co. Acta Mi¬crobiol Immunol Hung. 59 (2): 257–262.
6. Shokrani H, Nabavi R, Sarabi ZA (2015) Demodicosis and associated risk factors in young adults in Khorramabad. Arak Med Univ J. 2016; 19(108): 38–45.
7. Taghi Rahimi M, RezaYoussefi M, Ah-madpour E (2016) Prevalence of demod-icosis among youth in Northern Iran. J Zoon Dis. 1: 54–57.
8. Rusiecka-Ziółkowska J, Nokiel M, Fleischer M (2014) Demodex‒an old patho¬gen or a new one? Adv Clin Exp Med. 23(2): 295‒298.
9. Ding Y, Huang X (2005) Investigation of external auditory meatus secretion De-modex folliculorum and Demodex breuis infection in college students. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Ke Za Zhi. 19(4): 176‒177.
10. Zhao YE, Guo N, Xun M, Xu JR, Wang M, Wang DL (2011) Sociodemographic char¬acteristics and risk factor analysis of Demodex infestation (Acari: Demodici-dae). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 12(12): 998–1007.
11. Isa NH, Loong LW, Fang GH, Mohamad AM, Razali N, Rani NI, Manap SN, Ab-dullah SR (2011) Demodicosis among university medical students in Malaysia and the effects of facial cleanser and moist¬urizer usage. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 42(6): 1375‒1380.
12. Saygı G, Marufi M, Köylüoğlu Z (1984) Biri selofanlı bant preparatı ile saptanan üç Demodex folliculorum olgusu (In Turk¬ish). Türkiye Parazitol Derg. 7: 137–144.
13. Yazar S, Ozcan H, Cetinkaya U (2008) Investigation of Demodex sp. using cel-lo¬phane tape method among university students. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 3: 66–68 .
14. Yuce Fırat P, Gecit İ, Depecik F, Karadan M, Karcı E, Karaman U (2010) Demo-dex spp. positivity among laboratory staff, kitchen staff, cleaning workers and nurses working in a state hospital. Tü¬rkiye Parazitol Derg. 34: 164–167.
15. Özdemir H, Özer E, Özdemir S, Alkanat
M (2015) The prevalence of Demodex species in faculty of health science stu-dents. Arch Turk Dermatol Venereol. 49: 139–141.
16. Tilki E, Zeytun E, Doğan S (2017) Preva-lence and density of Demodex folliculo-rum and Demodex brevis (Acari: De-mod¬icidae) in Erzincan Province. Turki-ye Parazitol Derg. 41(2): 80–86.
17. Daneshparvar A, Hajjaran H, Mobedi I, Naddaf S, Nateghpour M, Makki MS, Shidfar M, Hashemi J, Eskandari E, Mowlavi GH (2014) Infestation of pa-tients to demodicosis referred to the skin clinics and its relation to some related factors in Tehran, Iran. Sci J Sch Publ Health Inst Pub Health Res. 12: 53–59.
18. Tehrani S, Tizmaghz A, Shabestanipour G (2014) The Demodex mites and their re-la¬tion with seborrheic and atopic derma-titis. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 7: 82–84.
19. RezaYoussefi M, Pour RT, Rahimi MT (2012) Prevalence of Demodex mites (Ac¬ari: Demodicidae) parasitizing hu-man in Babol, North of Iran. Academic J Ento¬mol. 5: 62–64.
20. Talghini SH, Shenasi R, Fouladi DF, Hag-igi A (2014) Demodex folliculorum and skin disease: a case-control study. J Med Sci. 5: 229–234.
21. Yazısız H, Çekin Y, Koçlar FG (2019) The presence of Demodex mites in pa-tients with dermatologic symptoms of the face. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 43(3): 143–148.
22. Czepita D, Kuzna-Grygiel W, Kosik-Bo-gacka D (2005) Investiga¬tions on the oc-currence as well as the role of Demodex folliculorum and De¬modex brevis in the path¬ogensis of blepharitis. Klin Oczna. 107: 80‒82.
23. Dhingra KK, Saroha V, Gupta P, Khura¬na N (2009) Demodex‒associated dermato-log¬ic conditions‒a coincidence or an eti-ological correlate. Review with a re¬port of a rare case of sebaceous adeno¬ma.
Pathol Res Pract. 205(6): 423–426.
24. Yolasığmaz ÜA, Turgay N (2005) Treat-ment in Medical Parasitology. Türkiye Parazitol Derg, No: 20, İzmir.
25. Wesolowska M, Knysz B, Reich A, Blazejew¬ska D, Czarnecki M, Gladysz A, Pozowski A, Misiuk‒Hojlo M (2014) Preva¬lence of Demodex spp. in eyelash follicles in different populations. Arch Med Sci. 10(2): 319–324.
26. Elston CA, Elston DM (2014) Demodex mites. Clin Dermatol. 32(6): 739–743.
27. Kaya S, Selimoglu MA, Kaya OA, Ozgen U (2013) Prevalence of Demodex follic-ulorum and Demodex brevis in child-hood malnutri¬tion and malignancy. Pe-diatr Int. 55(1): 85–89.
28. Moravvej H, Dehghan-Mangabadi M, Ab-basian MR, Meshkat-Razavi G (2007) As¬sociation of rosacea with de¬modico-sis. Arch Iran Med. 10(2): 199–203.
29. Forton F, Seys B (1993) Density of De-modex folliculorum in rosacea: a case-control study using standardized skin-sur¬face biopsy. Br J Dermatol. 128: 650–659.
30. Chen W, Plewig G (2014) Human de¬mod-icosis: revisit and a proposed classi¬fica-tion. Brit J Dermatol. 170(6): 1219‒1225.
31. Moran EM, Foley R, Powell FC (2017) Demodex and rosacea revisited. Clin Derma¬tol. 35: 195–200.
32. Casas C, Paul C, Lahfa M, Livideanu B, Lejeune O, Alvarez-Georges S, Saint-Mar¬tory C, Degouy A, Mengeaud V, Ginisty H, Durbise E, Schmitt AM, Redoules D (2012) Quantification of Demodex fol¬licu¬lorum by PCR in rosacea and its re¬lationship to skin in¬nate immune activa¬tion. Exp Derma¬tol. 21(12): 906‒910
33. Yücel A, Yilmaz M (2013) Investigation of the prevalance of Demodex folliculo-rum and Demodex brevis in rosacea pa-tients. Turkiye Parazitol Derg. 37: 195–198.
34. Gonzalez-Hinojosa D, Jaime-Villalonga A, Aguilar-Montes G, Lam¬moglia-Or¬diales L (2018) Demodex and rosacea: Is there a rela¬tionship? Indian J Ophthal¬mol. 66(1): 36–38.
35. Karincaoglu Y, Esrefoglu Seyhan M, Bay-ram N, Aycan O, Taskapan H (2005) In-cidence of Demodex folliculorum in pa-tients with end stage chronic renal fail-ure. Ren Fail. 27(5): 495–499.
36. Fujiwara S, Okubo Y, Irisawa R, Tsuboi R (2010) Rosacei form dermatitis associ-ated with topical tacrolimus treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 62: 1050–1052.
37. Gerber PA, Kukova G, Buhren BA, Homey B (2011) Density of Demodex follicu¬lorum in patients receiving epi-dermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Der¬matol. 222: 144–147.
38. Seyhan ME, Karincaoglu Y, Bayram N, Aycan O, Kuku I (2004) Density of De-modex folliculorum in haematological malignancies. J Int Med Res. 32: 411–415.
39. Clyti E, Sayavong K, Chanthavisouk K (2005) Demodecidosis in a patient in-fect¬ed by HIV: successful treatment with iver¬mectin. Ann Dermatol Venere-ol. 132: 459–461.
40. Sönmez ÖU, Yalçın ZG, Karakeçe E, Çiftci İH, Erdem T (2013) Associations be¬tween Demodex species infestation and vari¬ous types of cancer. Acta Parasi-tol. 58(4): 551–555.
41. Arli C, Ozsan M, Gurkan E, Aycan Kaya O, Kokacya S (2019) The incidence of Demo¬dex folliculorum in the combina-tion of aller¬gic rhinitis and diabetes melli¬tus. Iran J Para¬sitol. 14(3): 459–464.
42. Yamashita LS, Cariello AJ, Geha NM, Yu MC, Hofling-Lima AL (2011) Demodex folliculorum on the eyelash follicle of diabetic patients. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 74: 422–424.
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| Mite; Parasite; Rosacea; Eczema; Skin diseases | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Afşar M, Tappeh K, Beyhan Y. Prevalence and Severity of Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis Infestation and their Association with Common Skin Diseases in Northwest Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;.
