Scabies as a Neglected Tropical Disease in Iran: A Systematic Review with Me-ta-Analysis, during 2000–2022
Scabies in Iran
-
Mehdi Khoobdel
,
Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
,
Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
,
Hasan Bakhshi
,
Amirsajad Jafari
,
Mohammad Moradi
Abstract
Background: Scabies is referred to the infestation of skin by an ectoparasite, Sarcoptes scabiei. Having considerable financial consequences, this disease is a public health concern in several countries. In this review, we aimed to determine the current status of scabies in different provinces of Iran.
Methods: Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Scientific Information Database (SID), Sci-explore, Civilica, Magiran, Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology and Elmnet databases were searched to find the related data in the time period within 2000–2022. To have a better insight into the status of prevalence of scabies in Iran, a meta-analysis and meta-regression was performed.
Results: A total of 943 relevant studies were retrieved from the databases, and 62 eligible studies met all the needed criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Scabies was investigated and reported in at least 22 and 21 provinces of Iran respectively. Most of the studies were conducted in Tehran, Razavi Khorasan, Hormozgan, Fars and Guilan Provinces. Positive samples of scabies belonged to humans, sheep, goats, dogs, rabbits, mice and gazelles. Meta-analysis showed that the overall estimated presence of scabies in Iran during 2000–2022 was 7% (95% CI 4.7–10.3%, P< 0.001).
Conclusion: Infestations due to S. scabiei in Iran occur in different geographical locations and different climates. As a neglected tropical disease, the literature about the burden of scabies in Iran is inadequate. The present review highlights the importance of development of comprehensive strategies for the diagnosis and control of scabies, especially the provinces with high infestation rates.
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3. Burgess I (1994) Sarcoptes scabiei and sca-bies. Adv Parasitol. 33: 235–292.
4. Arlian LG (1989) Biology, host relations, and epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei. Annu Rev Entomol. 34: 139–161.
5. Anderson KL, Strowd LC (2017) Epidemi-ol¬ogy, diagnosis, and treatment of sca-bies in a dermatology office. J Am Board Fam Med. 30(1): 78–84.
6. Pisano SR, Ryser-Degiorgis M, Rossi L, Pea¬no A, Keckeis K, Roosje P (2019) Sar¬coptic mange of fox origin in multiple farm animals and scabies in humans, Swit¬zerland, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 25(6): 1235–1238.
7. Gilson R, Crane J (2021) Scabies In: Stat-Pearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, USA. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335026/
8. WHO (2020) Scabies. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies.
9. El-Moamly AA (2021) Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030: what we know and what we need to do for global control. Trop Med Health. 49 (1): 1–11.
10. Swe PM, Christian LD, Lu HC, Sripra-kash KS, Fischer K (2017) Complement inhibition by Sarcoptes scabiei protects Streptococcus pyogenes-An in vitro study to unravel the molecular mechanisms be¬hind the poorly understood predilection of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 11(3): e0005437.
11. Currier RW, Walton SF, Currie BJ (2011) Scabies in animals and humans: history, evolutionary perspectives, and modern clin¬ical management. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1230(1): E50–E60.
12. Roodsari R, Malekzad F, Ardakani ME (2007) Skin diseases in male prisoners. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 73 (1): 55–56.
13. Roodsari MR, Malekzad F, Ardakani ME, Alai BA, Ghoraishian M (2006) Preva-lence of scabies and pediculosis in Ghezel Hesar prison, Iran. J Pakistan Assoc Der¬matologists. 16(4): 201–204.
14. Adham D, Vatandoost H, Moradi-Asl E (2021) A Comprehensive Database and Geographical Distribution Model of Vec¬tors and Vector Borne Diseases in Ar¬da¬bil Province, Borderline of Iran and Azer¬baijan Republic 2001–2018. J Arthro¬pod-Borne Dis. 15(3): 287–299.
15. Hajipour N, Zavarshani M (2020) Ecto¬par-asites and endoparasites of New Zea-land white rabbits from North West of Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 15(2): 266–271.
16. Yagoob G (2014) A case-report of Sar-coptes scabiei var. hominis in a 55-year-old male sheepherder in Tabriz, Iran. In-dian J Fundam Appl Life Sci. 4(3): 228–230.
17. Yakhchali M, Hosseine A (2006) Preva-lence and ectoparasites fauna of sheep and goats flocks in Urmia suburb, Iran. Vet Arh. 76(5): 431–442.
18. Jahani MR, Shirzad H, Mehrabi Tavana A (2002) Evaluation of the frequency of scabies in suspected patients and its con-firmation in police units throughout the provinces of the country. J Mil Med. 3 (4): 195–199.
19. Tavasoli M, Dalir Naghde B, Sahandi A (2011) Study on gastrointestinal and ex-ternal parasites of goats in West Azer-bai¬jan- Iran. J Vet Res. 66(1): 77–155.
20. Bazargani TT, Hallan JA, Nabian S, Rahba¬ri S (2007) Sarcoptic mange of gazelle (Gazella subguttarosa) and its medical im¬portance in Iran. Parasitol Res. 101(6): 1517–1520.
21. Arjmand Zadeh S, Joukar M, Khatmi S, Zarenezhad M, Abd Elahzadeh H, Tah-masebi R (2001) Prevalence of pedic¬u¬lo-sis and scabies in primary schools of Bushehr; 1999–2000. Iran South Med J. 4(1): 41–46.
22. Soltan‐Alinejad P, Vahedi M, Turki H, Soltani A (2021) A comprehensive ento-mological survey and evaluation of the efficacy of different therapies on a sus-pect¬ed delusional parasitosis case. Brain Behav. 11(1): e01945.
23. Davarpanah MA, Motazedian N, Jowkar F (2018) Dermatological manifestations of HIV/AIDS individuals in Shiraz, South of Iran. J Glob Infect Dis. 10(2): 80–83.
24. Fakoorziba MR, Amin M, Moemenbellah-Fard M, Najafi ME (2012) The fre¬quen-cy rate of scabies and its associated de-mographic factors in Kazerun, Fars Prov¬ince, Iran. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 14 (8): 90–91.
25. Dastgheib L, Boroujeni NH, Aslani FS (2018) Crusted scabies masquerading as psoriasis plaques in a patient suffering from burn scars. Dermatol Online J. 24 (6): 13030.
26. Sarchahi AA (2005) Effect of Trichlorfon (Neguvon) Against Sarcoptes scabiei var canis. J Appl Anim Res. 28(1): 15–16.
27. Mir Behbahani N, Vakili M, Jazayeri M
(2001) Epidemiological study of common school diseases (infectious and non-com¬municable) in primary schools of Gorgan. Iran J Infect Dis Trop Med. 6(15): 77–77.
28. Ebrahimzade E, Fattahi R, Ahoo MB (2016) Ectoparasites of stray dogs in Mazanda¬ran, Gilan and Qazvin Provinces, north and center of Iran. J Arthropod-Borne Dis. 10(3): 364–369.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | Vol 16 No 3 (2022) | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v16i3.12034 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Scabies; Sarcoptosis; Sarcoptes scabiei; Ectoparasites; Iran | ||
| Rights and permissions | |
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
How to Cite
1.
Khoobdel M, Azari-Hamidian S, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Bakhshi H, Jafari A, Moradi M. Scabies as a Neglected Tropical Disease in Iran: A Systematic Review with Me-ta-Analysis, during 2000–2022. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2023;16(3):180–195.
