Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Ticks Isolated from Domestic Animals in Slaughterhouses and Farms, Shahr-E-Rey, Tehran, Iran
-
Pedram Talaie
,
Maryam Tavassoli
,
Ehsan Mostafavi
,
Zakiyeh Telmadarraiy
,
Mahdi Rohani
,
Saber Esmaeili
,
Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
Abstract
Background: Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, a zoonotic and vector-borne disease. Ticks serve as vectors for this bacterium. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. burnetii infection in ticks in Shahr-e-Rey County, Tehran Province.
Methods: From December 2016 to November 2017, 179 ticks were collected on sheep at animal husbandry facilities and slaughterhouses located in Shahr-e-Rey, Tehran Province. Tick samples were morphologically identified and evaluated for the presence of the C. burnetii IS1111 gene using real-time PCR.
Results: Ticks were classified into four genera: Hyalomma (66.48%), Rhipicepalus (23.47%), Dermacentor (7.26%), and Ornithodoros (2.79%). Furthermore, 35.20% of the ticks were Hyalomma nymphs.
All 77 ticks were pooled by species, and C. burnetii was found in 22.08% (n= 17). Ornithodoros lahorensis was the most prevalent tick infected with C. burnetii.
Conclusion: The distribution of C. burnetii and reports of Q fever from various regions of the country strongly suggest that the monitoring system should give this disease more attention.
1. Cooper A, Stephens J, Ketheesan N, Govan B (2013) Detection of Coxiella burnetii DNA in wildlife and ticks in northern Queens¬land, Australia. Vector-Borne Zo¬onotic Dis. 13(1): 12–16.
2. Hamilton LR, George DL, Scoville SL, Hospen¬thal DR, Griffith ME (2011) PCR for rapid diagnosis of acute Q fever at a combat support hospital in Iraq. Mil Med. 176(1): 103–105.
3. Eldin C, Melenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S (2017) From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infec-tion: a par¬adigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 30 (1): 115–190.
4. Kazar J (2005) Coxiella burnetii infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1063(1): 105–114.
5. Angelakis E, Raoult D (2010) Q fever. Vet Microbiol. 140(3–4): 297–309.
6. Milinovich G, Williams G, Clements A, Hu W (2014) Internet-based surveillance sys¬tems for monitoring emerging infec-tious diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 14(2): 160–168.
7. Mostafavi E, Rastad H, Khalili M (2012) Q fever: an emerging public health con¬cern in Iran. Asian J Epidemiol. 5(3): 66–74.
8. Maurin M, Raoult D (1999) Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 12(4): 518–553.
9. Mcquiston JH, Holman RC, Mccall CL, Childs JE, Swerdlow DL, Thompson H (2006) National surveillance and the ep-idemiology of human Q fever in the Unit¬ed States, 1978–2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75(1): 36–40.
10. Kramer A, Kretzschmar M, Krickeberg K (2010) Emerging and re-emerging infec-tious diseases. Mod Infect Dis Epidemi-ol. 1007(1): 39–67.
11. Faix DJ, Harrison DJ, Riddle MS, Vaughn AF, Yingst SL, Earhart K (2008) Out-break of Q fever among US military in western Iraq, June–July 2005. Clin In-fect Dis. 46(7): 65–68.
12. Eghtedari A, Kohout J, Path M (1970) Q fever in Iran A report of clinical cases and serological studies in Shiraz. Pahla¬vi Med J. 1(1): 66–73.
13. Esmaeili S, Golzar F, Ayubi E, Naghili B, Mostafavi E (2017) Acute Q fever in fe-brile patients in northwestern of Iran. PLOS Neg Trop Dis. 11(4): e0005535.
14. Dehghani R, Sharif A, Madani M, Kashani H, Sharif MR (2016) Factors influenc¬ing animal bites in Iran: a de¬scriptive study. Osong Public Health Res Per¬spect. 7(4): 273–277.
15. Sadeghi-Dehkordi Z, Mahmoudi A, Saeghinasab A, Gharekhani G (2022) Epidemiology and risk factors associat-ed with zoonotic ectoparasite infestation among human and small ruminants in Sanandaj, west Iran. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 9(4): 179–182.
16. Esmaeili S, Mostafavi E, Shahdordizadeh M, Mahmoudi H (2013) A seroepidemi-ological survey of Q fever among sheep in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Ann Agric Environ Med. 20(4): 708–710.
17. Fard SN, Khalili M (2011) PCR-detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from sheep and goats in southeast Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 1–6.
18. Saadatezadeh H, Hamidi A, Faghih M (1973) Q fever in lran Part 2. The first isolation of Rickettsia burueti from ticks (Ornithodorus lahorensis) in lran. Bul-letin Soc Path Exot. 66(4): 506–511.
19. Ghashghaei O, Khalili M, Sharifi H (2017) A survey of Ixodid ticks feeding on cat-tle and molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii from ticks in southeast Iran. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 41(1): 46–50.
20. Rahravani M, Moravedji M, Mostafavi E, Mohammadi M (2022) The epidemio¬log-ical survey of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and their ticks in west¬ern Iran. BMC Vet Res. 18(1): 292– 299.
21. Espada C, Cummins H, Gonzales JA, Not-to L, Gaff HD (2021) A comparison of tick collection materials and methods in Southeastern Virginia. J Med Entomol. 58(2): 692–698.
22. Hoogstraal H (1956) African ixodoidea, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Med¬icine and Surgery.
23. Walker AR (2003) Ticks of domestic an-imals in Africa: a guide to identification of species, Bioscience Reports Edin-burgh.
24. Rodriguez I, Fraga J, Noda AA, Mayet M, Duarte Y, Echevarria E (2014) An alter-native and rapid method for the ex¬trac-tion of nucleic acids from Ixodid ticks by potassium acetate procedure. Braz Arch Biol. 57(4): 542–547.
25. Jalal H, Stephen H, D. Curran M, Janet Burton, Bradley M, Carne C (2006) De-velopment and validation of a rotor-gene real-time PCR assay for detection, iden-tification, and quantification of Chla-myd¬ia trachomatis in a single re¬action. J Clin Microbiol. 44(1): 206–213.
26. Schneeberger PM, Hermans MH, Hannen EJ, Schellkens JJ, Leenders AC, Wever P (2010) Real-time PCR with serum sam¬ples is indispensable for early diag-nosis of acute Q fever. Clin Vaccine Immu¬nol. 17(2): 286–290.
27. Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Pourmand MR, Maleki-Ravasan N, Salehi-Vaziri M, Telmadarraiy Z, Karimian F, Koosha M, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Masoo¬mi S, Arzamani K, Nejati J, Karami M, Mozaffari E, Salim-Abadi Y, Moradi-Asl E, Taghilou B, Shirani M (2019) Effect of Meteorologi-cal Factors on Hyalom¬ma Species Com-position and Their Host Preference, Sea-sonal Prevalence and In¬fection Status to Crimean-Congo Hem¬or¬rhagic Fever in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 268–283.
28. Brites-Neto J, Roncato Duarte K, Fer-nandes Martins T (2015) Tick-borne in-fections in human and animal population worldwide. Vet World. 8(3): 301–315.
29. Sofizadeh A, Telmadarraiy Z, Rahnama A, Gorganli-Davaji A, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2014) Hard tick species of livestock and their bioecology in Goles¬tan Prov-ince, north of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(1): 108–116.
30. Rahbari S, Nabian S, Shayan P, Had-dadza¬deh HR (2007) Status of Haema-physalis tick infestation in domestic ru-minants in Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 45(2): 129–132.
31. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Oshaghi MA (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan bor¬der. Parasit Vectors. 14(1): 469–477.
32. Noaman V, Abdigoudarzi M, Nabinejad A (2017) Abundance, diversity and sea-son¬al dynamics of hard ticks infesting cattle in Isfahan Province, central Iran. Arch Razi Ins. 72(1): 15–21.
33. Bakhshai A, Askari N, Etebar F, Ebrahim-zade E (2012) Hard ticks fauna in the area of domestic ruminants and Kohnuj Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran. J Vet Lab Res. 4(1): 145–149.
34. Champour M, Chinikar S, Mohammadi GH, Razmi GH, Shah-Hosseini N, Kha-kifirouz S, Mostafavi E, Jalali T (2016) Molecu¬lar epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever virus detected from ticks of one humped camels (Camelus drome¬dar¬ius) population in northeastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 40(1): 110–115.
35. Mohabati Mobarez A, Baseri N, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Stenos J, Esmaeili S (2022) Genetic diversity of Coxiella bur¬netii in Iran by multi-spacer se¬quence typing. Pathogens. 11(10): 1175–1187.
36. Esmaeilnejad B, Gharekhani J, Samiei A, Rezaei H (2020) Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks isolated from goats of Meshkin-Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. Nova Biol Rep. 7(3): 315–321.
37. Mohabati Mobarez A, Khalili M, Mosta-favi E, Esmaeili S (2021) Molecular de-tection of Coxiella burnetii infection in aborted samples of domestic ruminants in Iran. PLoS ONE. 16(4): e0250116.
38. Kazemeini HR, Asna Ashari E, Khoshbakht R (2021) Genomic detec-tion of Coxiella burnetii in raw cow, sheep and goat milk samples using PCR assay and two types of primers in Ma-zandaran Province, Iran: A preliminary study. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 16(3): 97–106.
39. Asadolahizoj S, Saadati D, Rasekh M, Jafari AS, Jafari Nozad AM, Faghihi F, Telmadarraiy Z, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2021) Molecular investigation of Coxi-ella burnetii in hard ticks collected from some livestock in Sistan region. Jun-disha¬pur Sci Med J. 21(3): 328–339.
2. Hamilton LR, George DL, Scoville SL, Hospen¬thal DR, Griffith ME (2011) PCR for rapid diagnosis of acute Q fever at a combat support hospital in Iraq. Mil Med. 176(1): 103–105.
3. Eldin C, Melenotte C, Mediannikov O, Ghigo E, Million M, Edouard S (2017) From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infec-tion: a par¬adigm change. Clin Microbiol Rev. 30 (1): 115–190.
4. Kazar J (2005) Coxiella burnetii infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1063(1): 105–114.
5. Angelakis E, Raoult D (2010) Q fever. Vet Microbiol. 140(3–4): 297–309.
6. Milinovich G, Williams G, Clements A, Hu W (2014) Internet-based surveillance sys¬tems for monitoring emerging infec-tious diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 14(2): 160–168.
7. Mostafavi E, Rastad H, Khalili M (2012) Q fever: an emerging public health con¬cern in Iran. Asian J Epidemiol. 5(3): 66–74.
8. Maurin M, Raoult D (1999) Q fever. Clin Microbiol Rev. 12(4): 518–553.
9. Mcquiston JH, Holman RC, Mccall CL, Childs JE, Swerdlow DL, Thompson H (2006) National surveillance and the ep-idemiology of human Q fever in the Unit¬ed States, 1978–2004. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 75(1): 36–40.
10. Kramer A, Kretzschmar M, Krickeberg K (2010) Emerging and re-emerging infec-tious diseases. Mod Infect Dis Epidemi-ol. 1007(1): 39–67.
11. Faix DJ, Harrison DJ, Riddle MS, Vaughn AF, Yingst SL, Earhart K (2008) Out-break of Q fever among US military in western Iraq, June–July 2005. Clin In-fect Dis. 46(7): 65–68.
12. Eghtedari A, Kohout J, Path M (1970) Q fever in Iran A report of clinical cases and serological studies in Shiraz. Pahla¬vi Med J. 1(1): 66–73.
13. Esmaeili S, Golzar F, Ayubi E, Naghili B, Mostafavi E (2017) Acute Q fever in fe-brile patients in northwestern of Iran. PLOS Neg Trop Dis. 11(4): e0005535.
14. Dehghani R, Sharif A, Madani M, Kashani H, Sharif MR (2016) Factors influenc¬ing animal bites in Iran: a de¬scriptive study. Osong Public Health Res Per¬spect. 7(4): 273–277.
15. Sadeghi-Dehkordi Z, Mahmoudi A, Saeghinasab A, Gharekhani G (2022) Epidemiology and risk factors associat-ed with zoonotic ectoparasite infestation among human and small ruminants in Sanandaj, west Iran. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect. 9(4): 179–182.
16. Esmaeili S, Mostafavi E, Shahdordizadeh M, Mahmoudi H (2013) A seroepidemi-ological survey of Q fever among sheep in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Ann Agric Environ Med. 20(4): 708–710.
17. Fard SN, Khalili M (2011) PCR-detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks collected from sheep and goats in southeast Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 5(1): 1–6.
18. Saadatezadeh H, Hamidi A, Faghih M (1973) Q fever in lran Part 2. The first isolation of Rickettsia burueti from ticks (Ornithodorus lahorensis) in lran. Bul-letin Soc Path Exot. 66(4): 506–511.
19. Ghashghaei O, Khalili M, Sharifi H (2017) A survey of Ixodid ticks feeding on cat-tle and molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii from ticks in southeast Iran. Turk J Vet Anim Sci. 41(1): 46–50.
20. Rahravani M, Moravedji M, Mostafavi E, Mohammadi M (2022) The epidemio¬log-ical survey of Coxiella burnetii in small ruminants and their ticks in west¬ern Iran. BMC Vet Res. 18(1): 292– 299.
21. Espada C, Cummins H, Gonzales JA, Not-to L, Gaff HD (2021) A comparison of tick collection materials and methods in Southeastern Virginia. J Med Entomol. 58(2): 692–698.
22. Hoogstraal H (1956) African ixodoidea, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Med¬icine and Surgery.
23. Walker AR (2003) Ticks of domestic an-imals in Africa: a guide to identification of species, Bioscience Reports Edin-burgh.
24. Rodriguez I, Fraga J, Noda AA, Mayet M, Duarte Y, Echevarria E (2014) An alter-native and rapid method for the ex¬trac-tion of nucleic acids from Ixodid ticks by potassium acetate procedure. Braz Arch Biol. 57(4): 542–547.
25. Jalal H, Stephen H, D. Curran M, Janet Burton, Bradley M, Carne C (2006) De-velopment and validation of a rotor-gene real-time PCR assay for detection, iden-tification, and quantification of Chla-myd¬ia trachomatis in a single re¬action. J Clin Microbiol. 44(1): 206–213.
26. Schneeberger PM, Hermans MH, Hannen EJ, Schellkens JJ, Leenders AC, Wever P (2010) Real-time PCR with serum sam¬ples is indispensable for early diag-nosis of acute Q fever. Clin Vaccine Immu¬nol. 17(2): 286–290.
27. Choubdar N, Oshaghi MA, Rafinejad J, Pourmand MR, Maleki-Ravasan N, Salehi-Vaziri M, Telmadarraiy Z, Karimian F, Koosha M, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Masoo¬mi S, Arzamani K, Nejati J, Karami M, Mozaffari E, Salim-Abadi Y, Moradi-Asl E, Taghilou B, Shirani M (2019) Effect of Meteorologi-cal Factors on Hyalom¬ma Species Com-position and Their Host Preference, Sea-sonal Prevalence and In¬fection Status to Crimean-Congo Hem¬or¬rhagic Fever in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 13(3): 268–283.
28. Brites-Neto J, Roncato Duarte K, Fer-nandes Martins T (2015) Tick-borne in-fections in human and animal population worldwide. Vet World. 8(3): 301–315.
29. Sofizadeh A, Telmadarraiy Z, Rahnama A, Gorganli-Davaji A, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2014) Hard tick species of livestock and their bioecology in Goles¬tan Prov-ince, north of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(1): 108–116.
30. Rahbari S, Nabian S, Shayan P, Had-dadza¬deh HR (2007) Status of Haema-physalis tick infestation in domestic ru-minants in Iran. Korean J Parasitol. 45(2): 129–132.
31. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Oshaghi MA (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan bor¬der. Parasit Vectors. 14(1): 469–477.
32. Noaman V, Abdigoudarzi M, Nabinejad A (2017) Abundance, diversity and sea-son¬al dynamics of hard ticks infesting cattle in Isfahan Province, central Iran. Arch Razi Ins. 72(1): 15–21.
33. Bakhshai A, Askari N, Etebar F, Ebrahim-zade E (2012) Hard ticks fauna in the area of domestic ruminants and Kohnuj Jiroft, Kerman Province, Iran. J Vet Lab Res. 4(1): 145–149.
34. Champour M, Chinikar S, Mohammadi GH, Razmi GH, Shah-Hosseini N, Kha-kifirouz S, Mostafavi E, Jalali T (2016) Molecu¬lar epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hem¬orrhagic fever virus detected from ticks of one humped camels (Camelus drome¬dar¬ius) population in northeastern Iran. J Parasit Dis. 40(1): 110–115.
35. Mohabati Mobarez A, Baseri N, Khalili M, Mostafavi E, Stenos J, Esmaeili S (2022) Genetic diversity of Coxiella bur¬netii in Iran by multi-spacer se¬quence typing. Pathogens. 11(10): 1175–1187.
36. Esmaeilnejad B, Gharekhani J, Samiei A, Rezaei H (2020) Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii in ticks isolated from goats of Meshkin-Shahr County, Ardabil Province, Iran. Nova Biol Rep. 7(3): 315–321.
37. Mohabati Mobarez A, Khalili M, Mosta-favi E, Esmaeili S (2021) Molecular de-tection of Coxiella burnetii infection in aborted samples of domestic ruminants in Iran. PLoS ONE. 16(4): e0250116.
38. Kazemeini HR, Asna Ashari E, Khoshbakht R (2021) Genomic detec-tion of Coxiella burnetii in raw cow, sheep and goat milk samples using PCR assay and two types of primers in Ma-zandaran Province, Iran: A preliminary study. Iranian J Nutr Sci Food Technol. 16(3): 97–106.
39. Asadolahizoj S, Saadati D, Rasekh M, Jafari AS, Jafari Nozad AM, Faghihi F, Telmadarraiy Z, Hosseini-Chegeni A (2021) Molecular investigation of Coxi-ella burnetii in hard ticks collected from some livestock in Sistan region. Jun-disha¬pur Sci Med J. 21(3): 328–339.
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| Q fever; Ixodidae; Argasidae; Coxiella burnetii; Real-Time PCR | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Talaie P, Tavassoli M, Mostafavi E, Telmadarraiy Z, Rohani M, Esmaeili S, Sedaghat MM. Molecular Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Ticks Isolated from Domestic Animals in Slaughterhouses and Farms, Shahr-E-Rey, Tehran, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;.
