Molecular Survey of Leishmania Infection of Sand Flies in Karun County, Southwestern Iran
identification infected sand flies in Karun County
,
Abstract
Background: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) is widely distributed in Iran and around the world. Also, Khuzestan Province is an endemic focus of ZCL. This study aims to investigate the natural infection of sand flies with the Leishmania parasite in Karun County.
Methods: Sand flies were collected from Jangiyeh, Qaleh Chanan, Kut-e-Navaser, and Ghazavieh in the spring and summer in the year of 2019, by installing 60 sticky paper traps each time (30 traps outdoors and 30 traps indoors). Two hundred female sand flies with different abdominal conditions (empty, blood-fed, semi-gravid, and gravid) were examined for infection rate using the Nested-PCR method.
Results: In this study, seven species of sand flies including Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. alexandri, Ph. sergenti, Ph. caucasicus, Sergentomyia tiberiadis, Se. sintoni, and Se. antennata were reported from Karun County, with a frequency of 79.64%, 16.96%, 1.07%, 0.18%, 0.36%, 1.61%, and 0.18%, respectively. Only eleven specimens of Ph. papatasi were found to be positive for Leishmania major, with an overall infection rate of 7.8%. The infection of Ph. papatasi was specifically reported in blood-fed, gravid, and semi-gravid specimens, with infection rates of 17.02%, 4.35%, and 14.29%, respectively.
Conclusion: In this study, the infection of L. major from Ph. papatasi was reported. The results can be used in planning the control of ZCL in the study area.
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2. Nasiri Z, Kalantari M, Mohammadi J, Da-liri S, Mehrabani D, Azizi K (2022) Cu-taneous leishmaniasis in Iran: A review of epidemiological aspects, with em-pha¬sis on molecular findings. Parasite. 29 (47): 1 ̶ 15.
3. Piroozi B, Moradi G, Alinia C, Mohamadi P, Gouya MM, Nabavi M, Gharachorloo F, Erfan MB, Shirzadi MR (2019) Inci-dence, burden, and trend of cutaneous leish¬maniasis over four decades in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 48(1): 28 ̶ 35.
4. Shirzadi MR, Esfahania SB, Mohebalia M, Ershadia MR, Gharachorlo F, Razavia MR, Postigo JA (2015) Epidemiologi-cal status of leishmaniasis in the Islam-ic Re¬public of Iran, 1983 ̶ 2012. East Medi¬terr Health J. 21(10): 736 ̶ 742.
5. Karimkhani C, Wanga V, Coffeng LE, Naghavi P, Dellavalle RP, Naghavi M (2016) Global burden of cutaneous leish¬maniasis: a cross-sectional analy-sis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 16(5): 584 ̶ 591.
6. Sabzevari S, Teshnizi SH, Shokri A, Bah-rami F, Kouhestani F (2021) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic re-view and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 152: 104721.
7. Akhoundi M, Mohebali M, Asadi M, Mahmodi MR, Amraei K, Mirzaei A (2013) Molecular characterization of Leish-mania spp. in reservoir hosts in endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmania-sis in Iran. Folia Parasitol. 60(3): 218 ̶ 224.
8. Karimi A, Jahanifard E, Abai MR, Rassi Y, Veysi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hosseini M, Saeidi Z, Tavakoli M, Maleki M, Jafari R (2020) Epidemiological survey on Cu¬taneous Leishmaniasis in south-west¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 57(2): 121– 127.
9. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mis¬sion. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1 ̶ 17.
10. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological niche modeling of main res-ervoir hosts of zoonotic cutane¬ous leish¬maniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44 ̶ 52.
11. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2016) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran: a re-view article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10 (4): 429-444.
12. Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M (2020) The geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis causative agents in Iran and its neighboring coun-tries, a review. Front Public Health. 8: 1 ̶ 13.
13. Oshaghi MA, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Ab-bassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan AA, Foroshani AR, Zahraei AR, Rassi Y, Moh¬tarami F (2008) Detection of Leish¬mania major in naturally infected sand flies using semi Nested-PCR. Iran J Pub¬lic Health. 37(4): 59 ̶ 64.
14. Statistical Center of Iran (2018) Office of the Head, Public Relations and Inter-na¬tional Cooperation. Available at: https://www.amar.org.ir/english/About-SCI/Organization/Structure/Office-of-the-Head-Public-Relations-Intl.
15. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the Phlebotominae of Iran. J Med Entomol. 1(3): 285 ̶ 300.
16. Arjmand R, Saberi S, Tolouei S, Chizari Z, Nobari RF, Fard SS, Akbari M, He-jazi SH (2014) Identification of Leish-mania isolates from Varzaneh city, Isfa-han Province, Iran using nested poly-merase chain reaction method. Adv Bi-omed Res. 3: 167 ̶ 170.
17. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akha-van AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Shir¬zadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in south-west Iran with emphasis on synan¬thropy of Phleboto¬mus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140: 173 ̶ 180.
18. Yahaghi N, Fatemi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Naghian A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Zahraei-Ramezani A, Rassi Y, So-leimani H, Dehghan H, Veysi A, Akbar-zadeh K (2022) A comparative study on the biodiversity and species richness of phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in Kermanshah and Khuzestan Provinces of Iran. J Arthro-pod-Borne Dis. 16(4): 278 ̶ 287.
19. Jafari R, Najafzadeh N, Sedaghat MM, Parvizi P (2013) Molecular characteri-za¬tion of sandflies and Leishmania de-tec¬tion in main vector of zoonotic cuta-ne¬ous leishmaniasis in Abarkouh Dis-trict of Yazd Province, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 6(10): 792 ̶ 797.
20. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Akha-van AA, Aghasi M, Arandian MH, Ranj-bar AA (2010) Sand fly surveil-lance with¬in an emerging epidemic fo-cus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in south¬eastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(1): 17 ̶ 23.
21. Tarallo VD, Dantas-Torres F, Lia RP, Ot-ranto D (2010) Phlebotomine sand fly pop-ulation dynamics in a leishmaniasis en-demic peri-urban area in southern Ita¬ly. Acta Trop. 116(3): 227 ̶ 234.
22. Bigdeli S, Maraghi E, Sharififard M, Ja-hanifard E, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2020) In-fluence of climatic factors on probabil-ity of presence and geographical distri-bution of Phlebotomus papatasi, main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leish¬man-iasis, in selected counties of Khuzestan Province, 2018. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci. 8(4): 101 ̶ 111 [Persian].
23. Jahanifard E, Navidpour S, Vazirianza-deh B, Moravvej SA, Saki JJ, Zarean M (2014) Identification of collected sand flies from Rofayyeh area, South West Iran. J Exp Zool India. 17: 669 ̶ 674.
24. Killick-Kendrick R (1990) Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review. J Med Vet Entomol. 4: 1 ̶ 24.
25. Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 45: 255 ̶ 272.
26. Sharbatkhori M, Spotin A, Taherkhani H, Roshanghalb M, Parvizi P (2014) Mo-lecular variation in Leishmania para-sites from sandflies species of a zoono-tic cu¬taneous leishmaniasis in northeast of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 51(1): 16 ̶ 21.
27. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2014) High infec-tion frequency, low diversity of Leish-mania major and first detection of Leish¬mania turanica in human in north-ern Iran. Acta Trop. 133: 69 ̶ 72.
28. Azizi K, Badzohreh A, Sarkari B, Fakoo-rziba MR, Kalantari M, Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Ali-Akbarpour M (2013) Nest¬ed polymerase chain reaction and se¬quence-based detection of Leishma-nia in¬fection of sand flies in recently emerged endemic focus of zoonotic cu-taneous leish¬maniasis, southern Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 38(2): 156 ̶ 162.
29. Darvishi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Shahba¬zi F, Akhavan AA, Jafari R, So-leimani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N, Khajeian M, Darabi H, Arandian MH (2015) Epidemiological study on sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Bushehr City, southwest¬ern Iran. Front Public Health. 3: 1 ̶ 6.
30. Vazirianzadeh B, Saki J, Jahanifard E, Zare¬an M, Amraee K, Pour SN (2013) Isolation and identification of Leishma¬nia spe-cies from sandflies and rodents collect-ed from Roffaye district, Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran. Jundisha-pur J Microbiol. 6(6): 1 ̶ 4.
31. Javadian E, Mesghali A (1974) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I. The leptomonad infection of sandflies. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 67(5): 513 ̶ 516.
32. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Akhavan A (1999) Entomological survey of sandflies (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae) in a new focus of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran. Acta Trop. 73(3): 321–326.
33. Strelkova MV, Eliseev LN, Ponirovsky EN, Dergacheva TI, Annacharyeva DK, Erokhin PI, Evans DA (2001) Mixed leish-manial infections in Rhombomys opi-mus: a key to the persistence of Leish-mania major from one transmis¬sion season to the next. Ann Trop Med Para-sitol. 95 (8): 811 ̶ 819.
34. Parvizi P, Baghban N, Novin EA, Ab-savaran A (2010) Detection, identifica-tion and molecular typing of Leishma-nia major in Phlebotomus papatasi from a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmania¬sis in central of Iran. Exp Parasitol. 124: 232 ̶ 237.
35. Aransay AM, Scoulica E, Tselentis Y (2000) Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally in-fect¬ed sand flies by seminested PCR on mini¬circle kinetoplastic DNA. Appl En-viron Microbiol. 66: 1933 ̶ 1938.
36. Maraghi Sh, Samarbaf Zadeh AS, Sarlak AA, Ghasemian M, Vazirianzadeh B (2007) Identification of cutaneous leish¬maniasis agents by nested Poly-mer¬ase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) in Shush City, Khuzestan Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2(3): 13 ̶ 15.
37. Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M, Pour-mohammadi B (2022) Molecular detec¬tion of Leishmania infection in phlebotom-ine sand flies from an endem¬ic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leish¬maniasis in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16(3): 233 ̶ 242.
2. Nasiri Z, Kalantari M, Mohammadi J, Da-liri S, Mehrabani D, Azizi K (2022) Cu-taneous leishmaniasis in Iran: A review of epidemiological aspects, with em-pha¬sis on molecular findings. Parasite. 29 (47): 1 ̶ 15.
3. Piroozi B, Moradi G, Alinia C, Mohamadi P, Gouya MM, Nabavi M, Gharachorloo F, Erfan MB, Shirzadi MR (2019) Inci-dence, burden, and trend of cutaneous leish¬maniasis over four decades in Iran. Iran J Public Health. 48(1): 28 ̶ 35.
4. Shirzadi MR, Esfahania SB, Mohebalia M, Ershadia MR, Gharachorlo F, Razavia MR, Postigo JA (2015) Epidemiologi-cal status of leishmaniasis in the Islam-ic Re¬public of Iran, 1983 ̶ 2012. East Medi¬terr Health J. 21(10): 736 ̶ 742.
5. Karimkhani C, Wanga V, Coffeng LE, Naghavi P, Dellavalle RP, Naghavi M (2016) Global burden of cutaneous leish¬maniasis: a cross-sectional analy-sis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 16(5): 584 ̶ 591.
6. Sabzevari S, Teshnizi SH, Shokri A, Bah-rami F, Kouhestani F (2021) Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran: A systematic re-view and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog. 152: 104721.
7. Akhoundi M, Mohebali M, Asadi M, Mahmodi MR, Amraei K, Mirzaei A (2013) Molecular characterization of Leish-mania spp. in reservoir hosts in endemic foci of zoonotic cutaneous leishmania-sis in Iran. Folia Parasitol. 60(3): 218 ̶ 224.
8. Karimi A, Jahanifard E, Abai MR, Rassi Y, Veysi A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Hosseini M, Saeidi Z, Tavakoli M, Maleki M, Jafari R (2020) Epidemiological survey on Cu¬taneous Leishmaniasis in south-west¬ern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 57(2): 121– 127.
9. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2012) Phlebotom-ine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Iran and their role on Leishmania trans-mis¬sion. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 6(1): 1 ̶ 17.
10. Gholamrezaei M, Mohebali M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Shirzadi MR (2016) Ecological niche modeling of main res-ervoir hosts of zoonotic cutane¬ous leish¬maniasis in Iran. Acta Trop. 160: 44 ̶ 52.
11. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR (2016) Control of phlebotomine sand flies in Iran: a re-view article. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 10 (4): 429-444.
12. Ghatee MA, Taylor WR, Karamian M (2020) The geographical distribution of cutaneous leishmaniasis causative agents in Iran and its neighboring coun-tries, a review. Front Public Health. 8: 1 ̶ 13.
13. Oshaghi MA, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Ab-bassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan AA, Foroshani AR, Zahraei AR, Rassi Y, Moh¬tarami F (2008) Detection of Leish¬mania major in naturally infected sand flies using semi Nested-PCR. Iran J Pub¬lic Health. 37(4): 59 ̶ 64.
14. Statistical Center of Iran (2018) Office of the Head, Public Relations and Inter-na¬tional Cooperation. Available at: https://www.amar.org.ir/english/About-SCI/Organization/Structure/Office-of-the-Head-Public-Relations-Intl.
15. Theodor O, Mesghali A (1964) On the Phlebotominae of Iran. J Med Entomol. 1(3): 285 ̶ 300.
16. Arjmand R, Saberi S, Tolouei S, Chizari Z, Nobari RF, Fard SS, Akbari M, He-jazi SH (2014) Identification of Leish-mania isolates from Varzaneh city, Isfa-han Province, Iran using nested poly-merase chain reaction method. Adv Bi-omed Res. 3: 167 ̶ 170.
17. Jahanifard E, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Akha-van AA, Akbarzadeh K, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Rassi Y, Sedaghat MM, Shir¬zadi MR, Karimi A (2014) Diversity of sand flies (Diptera, Psychodidae) in south-west Iran with emphasis on synan¬thropy of Phleboto¬mus papatasi and Phlebotomus alexandri. Acta Trop. 140: 173 ̶ 180.
18. Yahaghi N, Fatemi M, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Naghian A, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Zahraei-Ramezani A, Rassi Y, So-leimani H, Dehghan H, Veysi A, Akbar-zadeh K (2022) A comparative study on the biodiversity and species richness of phlebotom¬ine sand flies (Diptera: Psy-chodidae) in Kermanshah and Khuzestan Provinces of Iran. J Arthro-pod-Borne Dis. 16(4): 278 ̶ 287.
19. Jafari R, Najafzadeh N, Sedaghat MM, Parvizi P (2013) Molecular characteri-za¬tion of sandflies and Leishmania de-tec¬tion in main vector of zoonotic cuta-ne¬ous leishmaniasis in Abarkouh Dis-trict of Yazd Province, Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 6(10): 792 ̶ 797.
20. Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Hakimiparizi M, Zahraei-Ramazani AR, Abdoli H, Akha-van AA, Aghasi M, Arandian MH, Ranj-bar AA (2010) Sand fly surveil-lance with¬in an emerging epidemic fo-cus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in south¬eastern Iran. Iran J Arthropod Borne Dis. 4(1): 17 ̶ 23.
21. Tarallo VD, Dantas-Torres F, Lia RP, Ot-ranto D (2010) Phlebotomine sand fly pop-ulation dynamics in a leishmaniasis en-demic peri-urban area in southern Ita¬ly. Acta Trop. 116(3): 227 ̶ 234.
22. Bigdeli S, Maraghi E, Sharififard M, Ja-hanifard E, Hanafi-Bojd AA (2020) In-fluence of climatic factors on probabil-ity of presence and geographical distri-bution of Phlebotomus papatasi, main vector of zoonotic cutaneous leish¬man-iasis, in selected counties of Khuzestan Province, 2018. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci. 8(4): 101 ̶ 111 [Persian].
23. Jahanifard E, Navidpour S, Vazirianza-deh B, Moravvej SA, Saki JJ, Zarean M (2014) Identification of collected sand flies from Rofayyeh area, South West Iran. J Exp Zool India. 17: 669 ̶ 674.
24. Killick-Kendrick R (1990) Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review. J Med Vet Entomol. 4: 1 ̶ 24.
25. Sharma U, Singh S (2008) Insect vectors of Leishmania: distribution, physiology and their control. J Vector Borne Dis. 45: 255 ̶ 272.
26. Sharbatkhori M, Spotin A, Taherkhani H, Roshanghalb M, Parvizi P (2014) Mo-lecular variation in Leishmania para-sites from sandflies species of a zoono-tic cu¬taneous leishmaniasis in northeast of Iran. J Vector Borne Dis. 51(1): 16 ̶ 21.
27. Bordbar A, Parvizi P (2014) High infec-tion frequency, low diversity of Leish-mania major and first detection of Leish¬mania turanica in human in north-ern Iran. Acta Trop. 133: 69 ̶ 72.
28. Azizi K, Badzohreh A, Sarkari B, Fakoo-rziba MR, Kalantari M, Moemenbellah-Fard MD, Ali-Akbarpour M (2013) Nest¬ed polymerase chain reaction and se¬quence-based detection of Leishma-nia in¬fection of sand flies in recently emerged endemic focus of zoonotic cu-taneous leish¬maniasis, southern Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 38(2): 156 ̶ 162.
29. Darvishi M, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Shahba¬zi F, Akhavan AA, Jafari R, So-leimani H, Yaghoobi-Ershadi N, Khajeian M, Darabi H, Arandian MH (2015) Epidemiological study on sand flies in an endemic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Bushehr City, southwest¬ern Iran. Front Public Health. 3: 1 ̶ 6.
30. Vazirianzadeh B, Saki J, Jahanifard E, Zare¬an M, Amraee K, Pour SN (2013) Isolation and identification of Leishma¬nia spe-cies from sandflies and rodents collect-ed from Roffaye district, Khuzestan Province, southwest of Iran. Jundisha-pur J Microbiol. 6(6): 1 ̶ 4.
31. Javadian E, Mesghali A (1974) Studies on cutaneous leishmaniasis in Khuzestan, Iran. Part I. The leptomonad infection of sandflies. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 67(5): 513 ̶ 516.
32. Yaghoobi-Ershadi M, Akhavan A (1999) Entomological survey of sandflies (Dip¬tera: Psychodidae) in a new focus of zo¬onotic cutaneous leishmaniosis in Iran. Acta Trop. 73(3): 321–326.
33. Strelkova MV, Eliseev LN, Ponirovsky EN, Dergacheva TI, Annacharyeva DK, Erokhin PI, Evans DA (2001) Mixed leish-manial infections in Rhombomys opi-mus: a key to the persistence of Leish-mania major from one transmis¬sion season to the next. Ann Trop Med Para-sitol. 95 (8): 811 ̶ 819.
34. Parvizi P, Baghban N, Novin EA, Ab-savaran A (2010) Detection, identifica-tion and molecular typing of Leishma-nia major in Phlebotomus papatasi from a focus of zoonotic cutaneous leishmania¬sis in central of Iran. Exp Parasitol. 124: 232 ̶ 237.
35. Aransay AM, Scoulica E, Tselentis Y (2000) Detection and identification of Leishmania DNA within naturally in-fect¬ed sand flies by seminested PCR on mini¬circle kinetoplastic DNA. Appl En-viron Microbiol. 66: 1933 ̶ 1938.
36. Maraghi Sh, Samarbaf Zadeh AS, Sarlak AA, Ghasemian M, Vazirianzadeh B (2007) Identification of cutaneous leish¬maniasis agents by nested Poly-mer¬ase chain reaction (Nested-PCR) in Shush City, Khuzestan Province, Iran. Iran J Parasitol. 2(3): 13 ̶ 15.
37. Mohammadi-Azni S, Kalantari M, Pour-mohammadi B (2022) Molecular detec¬tion of Leishmania infection in phlebotom-ine sand flies from an endem¬ic focus of zoonotic cutaneous leish¬maniasis in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 16(3): 233 ̶ 242.
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| Issue | Vol 18 No 1 (2024) | |
| Section | Original Article | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.18502/jad.v18i1.15670 | |
| Keywords | ||
| Leishmania Sand fly Karun Khuzestan | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Taheri S, Jahanifard E, Vazirianzadeh B, Arjmand R. Molecular Survey of Leishmania Infection of Sand Flies in Karun County, Southwestern Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2024;18(1):37–46.
