Snapshot Study of the Family Anaplasmataceae, Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. Prevalence in Ticks of Sheep and Cattle in Jiroft City, Iran
-
Fahime Dehnoaliyan
,
Sajede Akbarabadi
,
Parvin Mohseni
,
Elham Mohammadi
,
Saeidreza Nourollahifard
,
Marziyeh Pourfatahi
,
Amirhossein Khalili
,
Maziar Jajarmi
Abstract
Background: Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. are amongst the most important tick-transmitted bacteria that can cause zoonotic disease in various hosts including ruminants and humans.
Methods: In this study, 16srRNA, EE, and dsb sequences were respectively used to screen Anaplasmataceae family, Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. in tick samples (n= 100) collected from 100 domestic ruminants including 50 sheep and 50 cattle in Jiroft City, southeast of Iran, between June and August 2021.
Results: two genera were predominant among the ticks including Hyalomma spp. (64%; 43% from sheep and 21% from cattle) and Rhipicephalus spp. (36%; 22% from cattle and 14% from sheep); all ticks were adult and 73% of them were male. DNA of Anaplasmataceae was detected in 17% (17/100) of the ticks collected from cattle (18%; 9/50) and sheep (16%; 8/50). Anaplasma spp. was not found in the samples, but two ticks were positive for Ehrlichia spp.; all were positive for Ehrlichia spp. belonged to the cattle (4%; 2/50).
Conclusion: This study shows that Anaplasmataceae strains are circulating via ticks among domestic ruminants in the study area, emphasizing the need for effective tick control strategies by livestock farmers, health, and veterinary authorities. Surveillance, molecular characterization and further sequencing-based studies are crucial for informed control and prevention efforts.
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2. Karlsen A, Vojtek B, Mojžišová J, Prokeš M, Drážovská M (2020) Anaplasmosis in animals. Folia Veterinaria. 64(4): 17–26.
3. Mubashir M, Tariq M, Khan MS, Safdar M, Özaslan M, Imran M, Ullah Q, Siddique F, Junejo Y (2022) Review on an-aplasmosis in different ruminants. Zeug-ma Biol Sci. 3(2): 32–45.
4. Silaghi C, Santos AS, Gomes J, Christova I, Matei IA, Walder G, Domingos A, Bell-Sakyi L, Sprong H, Von Loewenich FD, Oteo JA (2017) Guidelines for the direct detection of Anaplasma spp. in diagno¬sis and epidemiological studies. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 17(1): 12–22.
5. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Oshaghi MA (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan bor¬der. Parasit Vectors. 14: 1–8.
6. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Sha¬yan P, Vatandoost H, Babamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Anaplasma infec¬tion in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204.
7. Abdel-Shafy S, Abdullah HHAM, Elbay-oumy MK, Elsawy BSM, Hassan MR, Mahmoud MS, Hegazi AG, Abdel-Rah-man EH (2022) Molecular epide¬mio¬log¬i-cal investigation of piroplasms and An-aplasmataceae bacteria in Egyptian do-mes¬tic animals and associated ticks. Path¬ogens. 11(10): 1194.
8. Yousefi A, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Sadeghi-dehkordi Z, Bahonar A (2017) Molecu-lar detection of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma ovis in sheep and goat in west highland pasture of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 7(5): 455–459.
9. Jafar Bekloo A, Ramzgouyan MR, Shirian S, Faghihi F, Bakhshi H, Naseri F, Seda-ghat M, Telmadarraiy Z (2018) Molecu-lar characterization and phylogenetic anal¬ysis of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. isolated from various ticks in south¬east¬ern and northwestern regions of Iran. Vec¬tor-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 18(5): 252–257.
10. Noaman V, Bastani D (2016) Molecular study on infection rates of Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale in sheep and cattle in West-Azerbaijan province, Iran. Vet Res forum. 7(2): 163–167.
11. Zaid T, Ereqat S, Nasereddin A, Al‐Ja-wabreh A, Abdelkader A, Abdeen Z (2019) Molecular characterization of An-aplasma and Ehrlichia in ixodid ticks and reservoir hosts from Palestine: a pilot sur¬vey. Vet Med Sci. 5(2): 230–242.
12. Han R, Yang JF, Mukhtar MU, Chen Z, Niu QL, Lin YQ, Liu GY, Luo JX, Yin H, Liu ZJ (2019) Molecular detection of Anaplasma infections in ixodid ticks from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Infect Dis Pov¬erty. 8(01): 83–90.
13. Soares HS, Marcili A, Barbieri ARM, Mi-nervino AHH, Malheiros AF, Gennari SM, Labruna MB (2017) Novel Ana-plas¬ma and Ehrlichia organisms infect-ing the wildlife of two regions of the Bra¬zilian Amazon. Acta Trop. 174: 82–87.
14. Thinnabut K, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Ma-leewong W, Tangkawanit U (2023) Ge-netic diversity of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) populations and molecular detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia infesting beef cattle from upper-northeastern Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 107: 105394.
15. Hamzah KJ, Hasso SA (2019) Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophi-lum in sheep from Iraq. Open Vet J. 9 (3): 238–245.
16. Cicculli V, Masse S, Capai L, de Lam-ballerie X, Charrel R, Falchi A (2019) First detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Hyalomma marginatum ticks collect-ed from cattle in Corsica, France. Vet Med Sci. 5(2): 243–248.
17. Ranjbar R, Anjomruz M, Enayati AA, Khoob¬del M, Rafinejad A, Rafinejad J (2020) Anaplasma infection in ticks in southeastern region of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(2): 126–133.
18. Lu M, Tian J, Wang W, Zhao H, Jiang H, Han J, Guo W, Li K (2022) High diver-sity of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. in ticks from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Front Micro¬biol. 13: 1008110.
19. Mohammadian B, Noaman V, Emami SJ (2021) Molecular survey on prevalence and risk factors of Anaplasma spp. in-fection in cattle and sheep in West of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod. 53: 1–7.
20. Galay RL, Llaneta CR, Monreal MKFB, Armero III AL, Baluyut ABD, Regino CMF, Sandalo KA, Divina BP, Talactac MR, Tapawan LP, Mojares MC (2021) Molecular Prevalence of Anaplasma mar¬ginale and Ehrlichia in domestic large ruminants and Rhipicephalus (Boophi¬lus) microplus ticks from Southern Luzon, Philippines. Front Vet Sci. 8: 746705.
21. Yan Y, Lu C, Gong P, Pei Z, Peng Y, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang L, Qi M, Ning C (2022) Molecular detection and phylog-eny of Anaplasma spp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in small ru-minants from China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 13(5): 101992.
22. Chiuya T, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Ondifu DO, Murungi MK, Wambua L, Bastos AD, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC (2021) Mo-lecular prevalence and risk factors as-sociated with tick-borne pathogens in cat¬tle in western Kenya. BMC Vet Res. 17 (1): 1–17.
23. Eisawi NM, El Hussein ARM, Hassan DA, Musa AB, Hussien MO, Enan KA, Bak¬heit MA (2020) A molecular prevalence survey on Anaplasma infection among domestic ruminants in Khartoum State, Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 52: 1845–1852.
24. Peter SG, Aboge GO, Kariuki HW, Kan-duma EG, Gakuya DW, Maingi N, Mu-lei CM, Mainga AO (2020) Molecular prevalence of emerging Anaplasma and Ehrlichia pathogens in apparently healthy dairy cattle in peri-urban Nairobi, Ken¬ya. BMC Vet Res. 16(1): 1–12.
25. Abanda B, Paguem A, Abdoulmoumini M, Kingsley MT, Renz A, Eisenbarth A (2019) Molecular identification and prev¬alence of tick-borne pathogens in zebu and taurine cattle in North Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 12: 1–13.
26. Esemu SN, Ndip RN, Ndip LM (2018) Detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium in-fection in cattle in Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 11(1): 1–5.
27. Pesquera C, Portillo A, Palomar AM, Oteo JA (2015) Investigation of tick-borne bac¬teria (Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia spp.) in ticks collected from Andean tapirs, cattle and vegetation from a protected area in Ec¬uador. Parasit Vectors. 8(1): 1–10.
28. Matos CA, Nomboro CF, Gonçalves LR, Cala AC, Sitoe CF, Vinte APR, Mondlane CM, André MR, do Carmo Carrilho M (2024) Molecular diagnosis and charac¬terization of Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia ruminantium infecting beef cattle of Maputo Province, Mozambique. BMC Vet Res. 20(1): 1–12.
29. Silva EMC, Marques ICL, de Mello VVC, do Amaral RB, Gonçalves LR, Braga MDSCO, Ribeiro LSDS, Machado RZ, André MR, Neta AVC (2024) Molecular and serological detection of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants in an area of Cer-rado Biome in northeastern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 15(1): 102254.
30. Noaman V (2020) Epidemiological study on Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cat-tle: molecular prevalence and risk fac¬tors assessment in different ecological zones in Iran. Prev Vet Med. 183: 105118.
2. Karlsen A, Vojtek B, Mojžišová J, Prokeš M, Drážovská M (2020) Anaplasmosis in animals. Folia Veterinaria. 64(4): 17–26.
3. Mubashir M, Tariq M, Khan MS, Safdar M, Özaslan M, Imran M, Ullah Q, Siddique F, Junejo Y (2022) Review on an-aplasmosis in different ruminants. Zeug-ma Biol Sci. 3(2): 32–45.
4. Silaghi C, Santos AS, Gomes J, Christova I, Matei IA, Walder G, Domingos A, Bell-Sakyi L, Sprong H, Von Loewenich FD, Oteo JA (2017) Guidelines for the direct detection of Anaplasma spp. in diagno¬sis and epidemiological studies. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 17(1): 12–22.
5. Choubdar N, Karimian F, Koosha M, Nejati J, Oshaghi MA (2021) Hyalomma spp. ticks and associated Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. on the Iran-Pakistan bor¬der. Parasit Vectors. 14: 1–8.
6. Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Oshaghi MA, Sha¬yan P, Vatandoost H, Babamahmoudi F, Yaghoobi-Ershadi MR, Telmadarraiy Z, Mohtarami F (2014) Anaplasma infec¬tion in ticks, livestock and human in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran Province, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 8(2): 204.
7. Abdel-Shafy S, Abdullah HHAM, Elbay-oumy MK, Elsawy BSM, Hassan MR, Mahmoud MS, Hegazi AG, Abdel-Rah-man EH (2022) Molecular epide¬mio¬log¬i-cal investigation of piroplasms and An-aplasmataceae bacteria in Egyptian do-mes¬tic animals and associated ticks. Path¬ogens. 11(10): 1194.
8. Yousefi A, Rahbari S, Shayan P, Sadeghi-dehkordi Z, Bahonar A (2017) Molecu-lar detection of Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma ovis in sheep and goat in west highland pasture of Iran. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 7(5): 455–459.
9. Jafar Bekloo A, Ramzgouyan MR, Shirian S, Faghihi F, Bakhshi H, Naseri F, Seda-ghat M, Telmadarraiy Z (2018) Molecu-lar characterization and phylogenetic anal¬ysis of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. isolated from various ticks in south¬east¬ern and northwestern regions of Iran. Vec¬tor-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 18(5): 252–257.
10. Noaman V, Bastani D (2016) Molecular study on infection rates of Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale in sheep and cattle in West-Azerbaijan province, Iran. Vet Res forum. 7(2): 163–167.
11. Zaid T, Ereqat S, Nasereddin A, Al‐Ja-wabreh A, Abdelkader A, Abdeen Z (2019) Molecular characterization of An-aplasma and Ehrlichia in ixodid ticks and reservoir hosts from Palestine: a pilot sur¬vey. Vet Med Sci. 5(2): 230–242.
12. Han R, Yang JF, Mukhtar MU, Chen Z, Niu QL, Lin YQ, Liu GY, Luo JX, Yin H, Liu ZJ (2019) Molecular detection of Anaplasma infections in ixodid ticks from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Infect Dis Pov¬erty. 8(01): 83–90.
13. Soares HS, Marcili A, Barbieri ARM, Mi-nervino AHH, Malheiros AF, Gennari SM, Labruna MB (2017) Novel Ana-plas¬ma and Ehrlichia organisms infect-ing the wildlife of two regions of the Bra¬zilian Amazon. Acta Trop. 174: 82–87.
14. Thinnabut K, Rodpai R, Sanpool O, Ma-leewong W, Tangkawanit U (2023) Ge-netic diversity of tick (Acari: Ixodidae) populations and molecular detection of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia infesting beef cattle from upper-northeastern Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 107: 105394.
15. Hamzah KJ, Hasso SA (2019) Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophi-lum in sheep from Iraq. Open Vet J. 9 (3): 238–245.
16. Cicculli V, Masse S, Capai L, de Lam-ballerie X, Charrel R, Falchi A (2019) First detection of Ehrlichia minasensis in Hyalomma marginatum ticks collect-ed from cattle in Corsica, France. Vet Med Sci. 5(2): 243–248.
17. Ranjbar R, Anjomruz M, Enayati AA, Khoob¬del M, Rafinejad A, Rafinejad J (2020) Anaplasma infection in ticks in southeastern region of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 14(2): 126–133.
18. Lu M, Tian J, Wang W, Zhao H, Jiang H, Han J, Guo W, Li K (2022) High diver-sity of Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. in ticks from Yunnan Province, Southwest China. Front Micro¬biol. 13: 1008110.
19. Mohammadian B, Noaman V, Emami SJ (2021) Molecular survey on prevalence and risk factors of Anaplasma spp. in-fection in cattle and sheep in West of Iran. Trop Anim Health Prod. 53: 1–7.
20. Galay RL, Llaneta CR, Monreal MKFB, Armero III AL, Baluyut ABD, Regino CMF, Sandalo KA, Divina BP, Talactac MR, Tapawan LP, Mojares MC (2021) Molecular Prevalence of Anaplasma mar¬ginale and Ehrlichia in domestic large ruminants and Rhipicephalus (Boophi¬lus) microplus ticks from Southern Luzon, Philippines. Front Vet Sci. 8: 746705.
21. Yan Y, Lu C, Gong P, Pei Z, Peng Y, Jian F, Wang R, Zhang L, Qi M, Ning C (2022) Molecular detection and phylog-eny of Anaplasma spp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum in small ru-minants from China. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 13(5): 101992.
22. Chiuya T, Villinger J, Masiga DK, Ondifu DO, Murungi MK, Wambua L, Bastos AD, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC (2021) Mo-lecular prevalence and risk factors as-sociated with tick-borne pathogens in cat¬tle in western Kenya. BMC Vet Res. 17 (1): 1–17.
23. Eisawi NM, El Hussein ARM, Hassan DA, Musa AB, Hussien MO, Enan KA, Bak¬heit MA (2020) A molecular prevalence survey on Anaplasma infection among domestic ruminants in Khartoum State, Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod. 52: 1845–1852.
24. Peter SG, Aboge GO, Kariuki HW, Kan-duma EG, Gakuya DW, Maingi N, Mu-lei CM, Mainga AO (2020) Molecular prevalence of emerging Anaplasma and Ehrlichia pathogens in apparently healthy dairy cattle in peri-urban Nairobi, Ken¬ya. BMC Vet Res. 16(1): 1–12.
25. Abanda B, Paguem A, Abdoulmoumini M, Kingsley MT, Renz A, Eisenbarth A (2019) Molecular identification and prev¬alence of tick-borne pathogens in zebu and taurine cattle in North Cameroon. Parasit Vectors. 12: 1–13.
26. Esemu SN, Ndip RN, Ndip LM (2018) Detection of Ehrlichia ruminantium in-fection in cattle in Cameroon. BMC Res Notes. 11(1): 1–5.
27. Pesquera C, Portillo A, Palomar AM, Oteo JA (2015) Investigation of tick-borne bac¬teria (Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp., Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia spp.) in ticks collected from Andean tapirs, cattle and vegetation from a protected area in Ec¬uador. Parasit Vectors. 8(1): 1–10.
28. Matos CA, Nomboro CF, Gonçalves LR, Cala AC, Sitoe CF, Vinte APR, Mondlane CM, André MR, do Carmo Carrilho M (2024) Molecular diagnosis and charac¬terization of Anaplasma marginale and Ehrlichia ruminantium infecting beef cattle of Maputo Province, Mozambique. BMC Vet Res. 20(1): 1–12.
29. Silva EMC, Marques ICL, de Mello VVC, do Amaral RB, Gonçalves LR, Braga MDSCO, Ribeiro LSDS, Machado RZ, André MR, Neta AVC (2024) Molecular and serological detection of Anaplasma spp. in small ruminants in an area of Cer-rado Biome in northeastern Brazil. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 15(1): 102254.
30. Noaman V (2020) Epidemiological study on Anaplasma phagocytophilum in cat-tle: molecular prevalence and risk fac¬tors assessment in different ecological zones in Iran. Prev Vet Med. 183: 105118.
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How to Cite
1.
Dehnoaliyan F, Akbarabadi S, Mohseni P, Mohammadi E, Nourollahifard S, Pourfatahi M, Khalili A, Jajarmi M. Snapshot Study of the Family Anaplasmataceae, Anaplasma spp., and Ehrlichia spp. Prevalence in Ticks of Sheep and Cattle in Jiroft City, Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;:189-196.
