Impact of Omics Studies on Understanding Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Malaria Vectors: A Systematic Review
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Abstract
Background: Malaria remains a major global health challenge, disproportionately affecting sub-Saharan Africa. The growing threat of resistance to insecticides in Anopheles vector populations poses a major challenge to the efficacy of core interventions such as long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the contribution of omics approaches, particularly genomics, transcriptomics, and multi-omics, to understanding the resistance mechanisms in malaria vectors in sub-Saharan Africa and their impact on current and future vector control strategies.
Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for eligible studies published between January 2016 and April 2025. Studies using at least one omics approach to investigate resistance in Anopheles species were included. We extracted and analyzed data on study location, vector species, omics methods, insecticide classes, resistance mechanisms, and key findings according to PRISMA guidelines.
Results: Twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria. Genomic and transcriptomic approaches revealed key resistance mechanisms, notably involving metabolic resistance, target-site mutations, and cuticular changes. Multi-omics studies uncovered novel resistance markers such as CYP450 reductase (CPR), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), and salivary gland proteins. Multi-country collaborations were common, reflecting the cross-border nature of insecticide resistance, while species-specific responses highlighted localized adaptation.
Conclusion: Omics studies have significantly enhanced the understanding of resistance to insecticides among malaria vectors, offering valuable insights for molecular diagnostics and region-specific vector control. Integrating these approaches into routine surveillance is crucial to inform sustainable malaria control and elimination strategies.
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3. Weedall GD, Riveron JM, Hearn J, Irving H, Kamdem C, Fouet C, White BJ, Wondji CS (2020) An Africa-wide ge-nomic evo¬lution of insecticide resistance in the ma¬laria vector Anopheles funestus involves selective sweeps, copy number varia¬tions, gene conversion and trans-posons. PLoS Genet. 16(6): e1008822.
4. Adedeji EO, Ogunlana OO, Fatumo S, Beder T, Ajamma Y, Koenig R, Adebiyi E (2020) Anopheles metabolic proteins in malaria transmission, prevention and con¬trol: a review. Parasit Vectors. 13(1): 465.
5. Chukwuekezie O, Nwosu E, Nwangwu U, Dogunro F, Onwude C, Agashi N, Ezihe Ebuka, Anioke C, Anokwu S, Eloy E, Attah P, Orizu F, Ewo S, Okoronkwo A, Joseph A, Ikeakor I, Ewo S, Okoronkwo A, Joseph A, Ikeakor I, Haruna S, Gnangue¬non V (2020) Resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to four com¬monly used insecticides for malaria vec¬tor control in South-East Nigeria. Parasit Vectors. 13(1): 152.
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7. Lu G, Traoré C, Meissner P, Kouyaté B, Kynast-Wolf G, Beiersmann C, Cou-libaly B, Becher H, Muller O (2015) Safety of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for infants and their mothers: Ran-dom¬ized controlled community trial in Burki¬na Faso. Malar J. 14(1): 527.
8. Carlier PR, Anderson TD, Wong DM, Hsu DC, Hartsel J, Ma M, Wong EA, Choudhury R, Lam P, Totrov MM, Bloomquist JR (2008) Towards a spe-cies-selective acetylcholinesterase inhib-itor to control the mosquito vector of malaria, Anopheles gambiae. Chem Biol Interact. 175(1–3): 368–375.
9. Ogunah JA, Lalah JO, Schramm KW (2020) Malaria vector control strategies. What is appropriate towards sustainable global eradication? Sustain Chem Pharm. 18: 100339.
10. Coetzee M, Koekemoer LL (2013) Mo-lecular systematics and insecticide re-sistance in the major African malaria vec¬tor Anopheles funestus. Annu Rev Ento¬mol. 58: 393–412.
11. Tebamifor ME, Mamudu CO, Zakari S, Adedeji E, Joel WO, Ogunlana OO (2023) Deltamethrin Resistance Profil¬ing in Anopheles gambiae: A Study in Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria [Internet]. Available at: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3404878/v1
12. Suh PF, Elanga-Ndille E, Tchouakui M, Sandeu MM, Tagne D, Wondji C, Ndo Cyrille (2023) Impact of insecticide re-sistance on malaria vector competence: a literature review. Malar J. 22(1): 19.
13. Sokhna C, Ndiath MO, Rogier C (2013) The changes in mosquito vector behav-iour and the emerging resistance to in-secticides will challenge the decline of malaria. Clin Microbiol Infect. 19(10): 902–907.
14. Odero JO, Nambunga IH, Wangrawa DW, Badolo A, Weetman D, Koekemoer LL, Ferguson HM, Okumu FO, Baldini F (2023) Advances in the genetic charac¬terization of the malaria vector, Anophe¬les funestus and implications for im¬proved surveillance and control. Malar J. 22(1): 230.
15. Wondji CS, Irving H, Morgan J, Lobo NF, Collins FH, Hunt RH, Coetzee M, Hem-ingway J, Ranson H (2009) Two dupli-cated P450 genes are associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles fu-nestus, a major malaria vector. Genome Res. 19(3): 452–459.
16. Hemingway J, Ranson H (2000) Insecti-cide resistance in insect vectors of hu-man dis¬ease. Annu Rev Entomol. 45: 371–391.
17. Hasan AH, Author C (2020) A review: mosquito proteomics and its potential role in insecticide resistance detection. Int J Mosq Res. 7(4): 112–117
18. Zhong D, Chang X, Zhou G, He Z, Fu F, Yan Z, Zhu G, Xu T, Bonizzoni M, Wang M, Cui L, Zheng B, Chen B, Yan G (2013) Relationship between knock-down re¬sistance, metabolic detoxifica-tion and or¬ganismal resistance to pyre-throids in Anopheles sinensis. PLoS One. 8(2): e55475.
19. Martinez‐Torres D, Chandre F, William¬son MS, Darriet F, Bergé JB, Devon¬shire AL, Guilet P, Pasteur N, Parson D (1998) Molecular characterization of py-rethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gam-biae s.s. Insect Mol Biol. 7(2): 179–184.
20. Djogbénou L, Chandre F, Berthomieu A, Dabiré R, Koffi A, Alout H, Weill M (2008) Evidence of introgression of the ace-1R mutation and of the ace-1 dupli-cation in West African Anopheles gam-biae s.s. PLoS One. 3(5): e2172.
21. Ranson H, N’Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V (2011) Pyrethroid resistance in African anophe¬line mos-quitoes: what are the implica¬tions for malaria control? Trends Parasi¬tol. 27(2): 91–98.
22. Wood OR, Hanrahan S, Coetzee M, Koeke¬moer LL, Brooke BD (2010) Cu-ticle thick¬ening associated with pyre-throid re¬sistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles funestus. Parasit Vec-tors. 3 (1): 67.
23. Balabanidou V, Kampouraki A, MacLean M, Blomquist GJ, Tittiger C, Juárez MP, Mijalovsky SJ, Chalepakis G, Anthousi A, Lynd A, Anotoine S, Hemingway J, Ranson H, Lycett GJ, Vontas J (2016) CYP450 associated with insecticide re-sistance catalyzes cuticular hydrocarbon production in Anopheles gambiae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(33): 9268–9273.
24. Manzoor Malik R, Fazal S, Khatoon N, Ishtiaq M, Batool S, Tauqeer Abbas S (2023) Perspective Chapter: Genomics, Proteomics and System Biology of In-secticides Resistance in Insects. In: In-secticides - Advances in Insect Control and Sustainable Pest Management. Intech Open. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112662.
25. Zalucki M, Furlong M (2017) Behavior as a mechanism of insecticide resistance: evaluation of the evidence. Curr Opin Insect Sci. 21: 19–25.
26. Yusuf MA, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Manu AY, Enayati A, Ado A, Abdullahi AS, Jalo RI, Firdausi A (2021) Biochemical mechanism of in-secticide resistance in malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae sl in Nigeria. Iran J Publ Health. 50(1): 101–110.
27. Ahmed-Yusuf M, Vatandoost H, Oshaghi MA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Enayati AA, Jalo RI (2020) First report of target site in-sensitivity in pyrethroid resistant Anoph-eles gambiae from southern Guinea sa-vanna, northern-Nigeria. J Ar¬thropod-Borne Dis. 14(3): 228–238.
28. Fazal S, Manzoor Malik R, Zafar Baig A, Khatoon N, Aslam H, Zafar A, Ishtiaq M (2023) Role of mosquito microbiome in insecticide resistance. In: Mosquito Re¬search-Recent Advances in Pathogen In¬teractions, Immunity and Vector Con-trol Strategies. IntechOpen. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104265.
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| Files | ||
| Issue | In Press | |
| Section | Review Article | |
| Keywords | ||
| Malaria; Anopheles; Omics approaches; Insecticide resistance; Vector control | ||
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How to Cite
1.
Orogun Y, Ogunlana O, Taiwo D, Fadare O. Impact of Omics Studies on Understanding Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Sub-Saharan Malaria Vectors: A Systematic Review. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2025;.
